Difference between revisions of "Harvard University"

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{{University
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{{nvrsty
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|name=Harvard University
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|nm=Hrvrd nvrsty
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|background=Crimson
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|bckgrnd=Crmsn
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|type=Private
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|typ=Prvt
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|city=Cambridge, Massachusetts
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|cty=Cmbrdg, Msschstts
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|sports=baseball, basketball, heavyweight crew, lightweight crew, cross country, fencing, field hockey, football, golf, ice hockey, lacrosse, skiing, sailing, soccer, softball, squash, swimming and diving, tennis, track and field, volleyball, water polo, wrestling<ref>http://www.gocrimson.com/</ref>
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|sprts=bsbll, bsktbll, hvywght crw, lghtwght crw, crss cntry, fncng, fld hcky, ftbll, glf, c hcky, lcrss, skng, slng, sccr, sftbll, sqsh, swmmng nd dvng, tnns, trck nd fld, vllybll, wtr pl, wrstlng<rf>http://www.gcrmsn.cm/</rf>
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|colors=Crimson
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|clrs=Crmsn
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|mascot=Crimson
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|msct=Crmsn
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|website=http://www.harvard.edu/
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|wbst=http://www.hrvrd.d/
 
}}
 
}}
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[[Image:Harvard u.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Annenberg Hall, the freshman dining facility, (copyright Harvard)]]
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[[mg:Hrvrd .jpg|lft|thmb|300px|nnnbrg Hll, th frshmn dnng fclty, (cpyrght Hrvrd)]]
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'''Harvard University''' is a private university located in [[Cambridge]], [[Massachusetts]], about three miles west of [[MIT]]. It ranked #1 in US News's 2009 "National [[University|Universities]]: Top Schools" list,<ref>http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/college/items/2155</ref> and is usually ranked either first or second in most lists of a similar nature.
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'''Hrvrd nvrsty''' s  prvt nvrsty lctd n [[Cmbrdg]], [[Msschstts]], bt thr mls wst f [[MT]]. t rnkd #1 n S Nws's 2009 "Ntnl [[nvrsty|nvrsts]]: Tp Schls" lst,<rf>http://cllgs.snws.rnkngsndrvws.cm/cllg/tms/2155</rf> nd s slly rnkd thr frst r scnd n mst lsts f  smlr ntr.
  
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Founded in 1636 (as "New College" at Cambridge; the school renamed itself "Harvard College" in 1639.), it is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. It was originally founded by [[Congregationalism|Congregationalists]] for the purpose of training ministers.
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Fndd n 1636 (s "Nw Cllg" t Cmbrdg; th schl rnmd tslf "Hrvrd Cllg" n 1639.), t s th ldst nstttn f hghr lrnng n th ntd Stts. t ws rgnlly fndd by [[Cngrgtnlsm|Cngrgtnlsts]] fr th prps f trnng mnstrs.
  
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Harvard is one of the eight schools in the [[Ivy League]].  Harvard accepts applications from [[homeschooling|homeschooled]] children.<ref>Christian Examiner, Sept. 2007, Vol 25, No 9, Pg. 12</ref>
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Hrvrd s n f th ght schls n th [[vy Lg]].  Hrvrd ccpts pplctns frm [[hmschlng|hmschld]] chldrn.<rf>Chrstn xmnr, Spt. 2007, Vl 25, N 9, Pg. 12</rf>
  
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The Harvard University libraries contain more than 16 million volumes and is the largest and most important academic library in the world. It began in the 1638 bequest of 400 books from [[John Harvard]] (a young clergyman; the University was named after him). The core of the University's collections is found in Widener Library, but there are 70 libraries in all. It is renowned for special collections of incunabula, law, anthropology, East Asian studies, Slavic studies, Hebraica and Judaica, American history and literature, British and European history and literature, literary manuscripts, and fine arts.  
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Th Hrvrd nvrsty lbrrs cntn mr thn 16 mlln vlms nd s th lrgst nd mst mprtnt cdmc lbrry n th wrld. t bgn n th 1638 bqst f 400 bks frm [[Jhn Hrvrd]] ( yng clrgymn; th nvrsty ws nmd ftr hm). Th cr f th nvrsty's cllctns s fnd n Wdnr Lbrry, bt thr r 70 lbrrs n ll. t s rnwnd fr spcl cllctns f ncnbl, lw, nthrplgy, st sn stds, Slvc stds, Hbrc nd Jdc, mrcn hstry nd ltrtr, Brtsh nd rpn hstry nd ltrtr, ltrry mnscrpts, nd fn rts.  
  
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The Harvard University Press is a leading academic publisher of scholarly monographs, and has published more than 4,000 titles, including the Loeb Classical Library.
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Th Hrvrd nvrsty Prss s  ldng cdmc pblshr f schlrly mngrphs, nd hs pblshd mr thn 4,000 ttls, ncldng th Lb Clsscl Lbrry.
  
  
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==History==
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==Hstry==
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===Colonial===
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===Clnl===
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With some 17,000 [[Puritans]] migrating to New England by 1620, Harvard was founded by ministers who realized the need for training clergy for the new commonwealth, a "church in the wilderness."  it was named for John Harvard, its first benefactor. It received its corporate charter in 1650 and became a university in 1780.
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Wth sm 17,000 [[Prtns]] mgrtng t Nw nglnd by 1620, Hrvrd ws fndd by mnstrs wh rlzd th nd fr trnng clrgy fr th nw cmmnwlth, "chrch n th wldrnss."  t ws nmd fr Jhn Hrvrd, ts frst bnfctr. t rcvd ts crprt chrtr n 1650 nd bcm  nvrsty n 1780.
  
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In the words of Harvard's founders:  
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n th wrds f Hrvrd's fndrs:  
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:"After God had carried us safe to New England, and we ... rear'd convenient places for God's worship ... dreading to leave an illiterate Ministry to the Churches, when our present Ministers shall lie in the Dust ... it pleased God to stir up the heart of one Mr. Harvard, a godly gentleman and a lover of learning ... to give the one half of his estate ... towards the erecting of a college and all his Library."   
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:"ftr Gd hd crrd s sf t Nw nglnd, nd w ... rr'd cnvnnt plcs fr Gd's wrshp ... drdng t lv n lltrt Mnstry t th Chrchs, whn r prsnt Mnstrs shll l n th Dst ... t plsd Gd t str p th hrt f n Mr. Hrvrd, gdly gntlmn nd  lvr f lrnng ... t gv th n hlf f hs stt ... twrds th rctng f  cllg nd ll hs Lbrry."   
  
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[[File:Col-mass.jpg|thumb|300px|Harvard College was founded in 1636 making Boston the intellectual center of New England]]  
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[[Fl:Cl-mss.jpg|thmb|300px|Hrvrd Cllg ws fndd n 1636 mkng Bstn th ntllctl cntr f Nw nglnd]]  
  
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When the college's first president Henry Dunster abandoned Puritanism in favor of the [[Baptist]] faith in 1653, he provoked a controversy that highlighted two distinct approaches to dealing with dissent in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The colony's Puritan leaders, whose own religion was born of dissent from mainstream Church of England, generally worked for reconciliation with members who questioned matters of Puritan theology but responded much more harshly to outright rejection of Puritanism. Dunster's conflict with the colony's magistrates began when he failed to have his infant son baptized, believing, as a newly converted Baptist, that only adults should be baptized. Efforts to restore Dunster to Puritan orthodoxy failed, and his apostasy proved untenable to colony leaders who had entrusted him, in his job as Harvard's president, to uphold the colony's religious mission. Thus, he represented a threat to the stability of society. Dunster exiled himself in 1654 and moved to nearby Plymouth Colony, where he died in 1658.<ref> Timothy L. Wood, "'I Spake the Truth in the Feare of God': the Puritan Management of Dissent During the Henry Dunster Controversy," ''Historical Journal of Massachusetts'' 2005 33(1): 1-19, </ref>
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Whn th cllg's frst prsdnt Hnry Dnstr bndnd Prtnsm n fvr f th [[Bptst]] fth n 1653, h prvkd  cntrvrsy tht hghlghtd tw dstnct pprchs t dlng wth dssnt n th Msschstts By Clny. Th clny's Prtn ldrs, whs wn rlgn ws brn f dssnt frm mnstrm Chrch f nglnd, gnrlly wrkd fr rcncltn wth mmbrs wh qstnd mttrs f Prtn thlgy bt rspndd mch mr hrshly t trght rjctn f Prtnsm. Dnstr's cnflct wth th clny's mgstrts bgn whn h fld t hv hs nfnt sn bptzd, blvng, s  nwly cnvrtd Bptst, tht nly dlts shld b bptzd. ffrts t rstr Dnstr t Prtn rthdxy fld, nd hs pstsy prvd ntnbl t clny ldrs wh hd ntrstd hm, n hs jb s Hrvrd's prsdnt, t phld th clny's rlgs mssn. Ths, h rprsntd  thrt t th stblty f scty. Dnstr xld hmslf n 1654 nd mvd t nrby Plymth Clny, whr h dd n 1658.<rf> Tmthy L. Wd, "' Spk th Trth n th Fr f Gd': th Prtn Mngmnt f Dssnt Drng th Hnry Dnstr Cntrvrsy," ''Hstrcl Jrnl f Msschstts'' 2005 33(1): 1-19, </rf>
  
  
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In 1692, the Puritan preacher [[Increase Mather]] became President of Harvard. One of his acts was replacing Roman Classics with books by Christian authors in ethics classes, and maintaining a high standard of discipline. Both Harvard College Lawes of 1642 and Harvard College Laws of 1700 testify to its original high level of discipline.<ref>[http://www.peacebyjesus.com/HARVARD_LAWES.HTML Laws and Statutes for Students of Harvard College]</ref> Students were required to observe rules of pious decorum inconceivable in the nineteenth century, and ultimately to prove their fitness for the bachelor's degree by showing that they could 'read the original of the Old and New Testament into the Latin tongue, and resolve them logically.'<ref>Cotton Mather, the Puritan priest", by Barrett Wendell</ref>  
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n 1692, th Prtn prchr [[ncrs Mthr]] bcm Prsdnt f Hrvrd. n f hs cts ws rplcng Rmn Clsscs wth bks by Chrstn thrs n thcs clsss, nd mntnng hgh  stndrd f dscpln. Bth Hrvrd Cllg Lws f 1642 nd Hrvrd Cllg Lws f 1700 tstfy t ts rgnl hgh lvl f dscpln.<rf>[http://www.pcbyjss.cm/HRVRD_LWS.HTML Lws nd Sttts fr Stdnts f Hrvrd Cllg]</rf> Stdnts wr rqrd t bsrv rls f ps dcrm ncncvbl n th nntnth cntry, nd ltmtly t prv thr ftnss fr th bchlr's dgr by shwng tht thy cld 'rd th rgnl f th ld nd Nw Tstmnt nt th Ltn tng, nd rslv thm lgclly.'<rf>Cttn Mthr, th Prtn prst", by Brrtt Wndll</rf>  
  
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The early motto of Harvard was ''Veritas Christo et Ecclesiae'', meaning "Truth For Christ and the Church." In the early classes half the graduates became ministers.  By the 1760s the proportion was down to 15%. Ten out of the first twelve presidents were also ministers.  Systematic theological instruction was inaugurated in 1721 and by 1827 Harvard became a nucleus of theological teaching in New England.<ref>http://www.reference.com/browse/Harvard</ref>
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Th rly mtt f Hrvrd ws ''Vrts Chrst t ccls'', mnng "Trth Fr Chrst nd th Chrch." n th rly clsss hlf th grdts bcm mnstrs.  By th 1760s th prprtn ws dwn t 15%. Tn t f th frst twlv prsdnts wr ls mnstrs.  Systmtc thlgcl nstrctn ws ngrtd n 1721 nd by 1827 Hrvrd bcm  ncls f thlgcl tchng n Nw nglnd.<rf>http://www.rfrnc.cm/brws/Hrvrd</rf>
  
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The departure of Increase Mather from the presidency in 1701 marked the beginning of a long term struggle between orthodoxy and liberalism.  Harvard's first secular president was John Leverett, who began his term in 1708.  Leverett left the curriculum largely intact and sought to keep the College independent of the overwhelming influence of any single sect <ref>[http://www.president.harvard.edu/history/07_leverett.php John Leverett - History - Office of the President]</ref>.  
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Th dprtr f ncrs Mthr frm th prsdncy n 1701 mrkd th bgnnng f  lng trm strggl btwn rthdxy nd lbrlsm.  Hrvrd's frst sclr prsdnt ws Jhn Lvrtt, wh bgn hs trm n 1708.  Lvrtt lft th crrclm lrgly ntct nd sght t kp th Cllg ndpndnt f th vrwhlmng nflnc f ny sngl sct <rf>[http://www.prsdnt.hrvrd.d/hstry/07_lvrtt.php Jhn Lvrtt - Hstry - ffc f th Prsdnt]</rf>.  
  
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Seven alumni were killed in the [[American Revolution]]. [[Loyalists]] were outnumbered seven to one by patriots among the graduates of Harvard and, at the conclusion of the war, found themselves outside of both American and British society, especially lacking business contacts. Patriots, however, were much more mixed in their later careers, with some going on to wealth and others receding into obscurity. [[John Adams]] became the second president of the United States.<ref> Jack P. Greene, "Harvard Men in a Changing World," ''Massachusetts Historical Review'' 2007 9: 166-176, </ref>
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Svn lmn wr klld n th [[mrcn Rvltn]]. [[Lylsts]] wr tnmbrd svn t n by ptrts mng th grdts f Hrvrd nd, t th cnclsn f th wr, fnd thmslvs tsd f bth mrcn nd Brtsh scty, spclly lckng bsnss cntcts. Ptrts, hwvr, wr mch mr mxd n thr ltr crrs, wth sm gng n t wlth nd thrs rcdng nt bscrty. [[Jhn dms]] bcm th scnd prsdnt f th ntd Stts.<rf> Jck P. Grn, "Hrvrd Mn n  Chngng Wrld," ''Msschstts Hstrcl Rvw'' 2007 9: 166-176, </rf>
  
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===19th century===
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===19th cntry===
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The takeover of Harvard by the [[Unitarians]] in 1805 resulted in the secularization of the American college. By 1850 Harvard was the "Unitarian Vatican."  The "liberals" (Unitarians) allied themselves with [[Federalist Party|high Federalists]] and began to create a set of private societies and institutions meant to shore up their cultural and political authority, a movement that prefigured the emergence of the Boston Brahmin class. On the other hand, the theological conservatives used print media to argue for the maintenance of open debate and democratic governance through a diverse public sphere, seeing the liberals' movement as an attempt to create a cultural oligarchy in opposition to Congregationalist tradition and republican political principles.<ref>Neil Brody Miller, "'Proper Subjects for Public Inquiry': the First Unitarian Controversy and the Transformation of Federalist Print Culture," ''Early American Literature'' 2008 43(1): 101-135; [http://www.forerunner.com/forerunner/X0100_Christianity_in_U.S..html A Brief History of Christian Influence in U.S. Colleges]</ref>  
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Th tkvr f Hrvrd by th [[ntrns]] n 1805 rsltd n th sclrztn f th mrcn cllg. By 1850 Hrvrd ws th "ntrn Vtcn."  Th "lbrls" (ntrns) lld thmslvs wth [[Fdrlst Prty|hgh Fdrlsts]] nd bgn t crt  st f prvt scts nd nstttns mnt t shr p thr cltrl nd pltcl thrty, mvmnt tht prfgrd th mrgnc f th Bstn Brhmn clss. n th thr hnd, th thlgcl cnsrvtvs sd prnt md t rg fr th mntnnc f pn dbt nd dmcrtc gvrnnc thrgh  dvrs pblc sphr, sng th lbrls' mvmnt s n ttmpt t crt  cltrl lgrchy n ppstn t Cngrgtnlst trdtn nd rpblcn pltcl prncpls.<rf>Nl Brdy Mllr, "'Prpr Sbjcts fr Pblc nqry': th Frst ntrn Cntrvrsy nd th Trnsfrmtn f Fdrlst Prnt Cltr," ''rly mrcn Ltrtr'' 2008 43(1): 101-135; [http://www.frrnnr.cm/frrnnr/X0100_Chrstnty_n_.S..html Brf Hstry f Chrstn nflnc n .S. Cllgs]</rf>  
  
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In 1846, the natural history lectures of [[Louis Agassiz]] were acclaimed both in New York and on his campus at Harvard College. Agassiz's approach was distinctly idealist and posited Americans' 'participation in the Divine Nature' and the possibility of understanding 'intellectual existences.' Agassiz's perspective on science combined observation with intuition and the assumption that one can grasp the 'divine plan' in all phenomena. When it came to explaining life-forms, Agassiz resorted to matters of shape based on a presumed archetype for his evidence. This dual view of knowledge was in concert with the teachings of [[Common Sense Realism]] derived from Scottish philosophers Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart, whose works were part of the Harvard curriculum at the time. The popularity of Agassiz's efforts to 'soar with Plato' probably also derived from other writings to which Harvard students were exposed, including Platonic treatises by Ralph Cudworth, John Norris, and, in a Romantic vein, [[Samuel Coleridge]]. The library records at Harvard reveal that the writings of Plato and his early modern and Romantic followers were almost as regularly read during the 19th century as those of the 'official philosophy' of the more empirical and more deistic Scottish school.<ref>David K. Nartonis, "Louis Agassiz and the Platonist Story of Creation at Harvard, 1795-1846,"  ''Journal of the History of Ideas'' 2005 66(3): 437-449, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3654189 in JSTOR]</ref>
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n 1846, th ntrl hstry lctrs f [[Ls gssz]] wr cclmd bth n Nw Yrk nd n hs cmps t Hrvrd Cllg. gssz's pprch ws dstnctly dlst nd pstd mrcns' 'prtcptn n th Dvn Ntr' nd th pssblty f ndrstndng 'ntllctl xstncs.' gssz's prspctv n scnc cmbnd bsrvtn wth nttn nd th ssmptn tht n cn grsp th 'dvn pln' n ll phnmn. Whn t cm t xplnng lf-frms, gssz rsrtd t mttrs f shp bsd n  prsmd rchtyp fr hs vdnc. Ths dl vw f knwldg ws n cncrt wth th tchngs f [[Cmmn Sns Rlsm]] drvd frm Scttsh phlsphrs Thms Rd nd Dgld Stwrt, whs wrks wr prt f th Hrvrd crrclm t th tm. Th pplrty f gssz's ffrts t 'sr wth Plt' prbbly ls drvd frm thr wrtngs t whch Hrvrd stdnts wr xpsd, ncldng Pltnc trtss by Rlph Cdwrth, Jhn Nrrs, nd, n  Rmntc vn, [[Sml Clrdg]]. Th lbrry rcrds t Hrvrd rvl tht th wrtngs f Plt nd hs rly mdrn nd Rmntc fllwrs wr lmst s rglrly rd drng th 19th cntry s ths f th 'ffcl phlsphy' f th mr mprcl nd mr dstc Scttsh schl.<rf>Dvd K. Nrtns, "Ls gssz nd th Pltnst Stry f Crtn t Hrvrd, 1795-1846,"  ''Jrnl f th Hstry f ds'' 2005 66(3): 437-449, [http://www.jstr.rg/stbl/3654189 n JSTR]</rf>
  
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Charles W. Eliot, president 1869-1909, eliminated the favored position of Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction. While Eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education, but by Transcendentalist Unitarian convictions. Derived from [[William Ellery Channing]] and [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]], these convictions were focused on the dignity and worth of human nature, the right and ability of each person to perceive truth, and the indwelling God in each person.<ref>Stephen P. Shoemaker, "The Theological Roots of Charles W. Eliot's Educational Reforms," ''Journal of Unitarian Universalist History'' 2006-2007 31: 30-45,  </ref>
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Chrls W. lt, prsdnt 1869-1909, lmntd th fvrd pstn f Chrstnty frm th crrclm whl pnng t t stdnt slf-drctn. Whl lt ws th mst crcl fgr n th sclrztn f mrcn hghr dctn, h ws mtvtd nt by dsr t sclrz dctn, bt by Trnscndntlst ntrn cnvctns. Drvd frm [[Wllm llry Chnnng]] nd [[Rlph Wld mrsn]], ths cnvctns wr fcsd n th dgnty nd wrth f hmn ntr, th rght nd blty f ch prsn t prcv trth, nd th ndwllng Gd n ch prsn.<rf>Stphn P. Shmkr, "Th Thlgcl Rts f Chrls W. lt's dctnl Rfrms," ''Jrnl f ntrn nvrslst Hstry'' 2006-2007 31: 30-45,  </rf>
  
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Football, originally organized by students as an extracurricular activity, was banned twice by the university for being a brutal and dangerous sport. However, by the 1880s, football became a dominant force at the college as the alumni became more involved in the sport. In 1882, the faculty formed a three-member athletic committee to oversee all intercollegiate athletics, but, due to increasing student and alumni pressure, the committee was expanded in 1885 to include three student and three alumni members. The alumni's role in the rise and commercialization of football, the leading moneymaker for athletics by the 1880s, was evident in the fundraising for the first steel-reinforced concrete stadium. The class of 1879 donated $100,000 - nearly one-third of the cost - to the construction of the 35,000-seat stadium, which was completed in 1903, with the remainder to be collected from future ticket sales.<ref>Ronald A. Smith, "Commercialized Intercollegiate Athletics and the 1903 Harvard Stadium," ''New England Quarterly'', Vol. 78, No. 1 (Mar., 2005), pp. 26-48 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1559707 in JSTOR]</ref>
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Ftbll, rgnlly rgnzd by stdnts s n xtrcrrclr ctvty, ws bnnd twc by th nvrsty fr bng  brtl nd dngrs sprt. Hwvr, by th 1880s, ftbll bcm  dmnnt frc t th cllg s th lmn bcm mr nvlvd n th sprt. n 1882, th fclty frmd  thr-mmbr thltc cmmtt t vrs ll ntrcllgt thltcs, bt, d t ncrsng stdnt nd lmn prssr, th cmmtt ws xpndd n 1885 t ncld thr stdnt nd thr lmn mmbrs. Th lmn's rl n th rs nd cmmrclztn f ftbll, th ldng mnymkr fr thltcs by th 1880s, ws vdnt n th fndrsng fr th frst stl-rnfrcd cncrt stdm. Th clss f 1879 dntd $100,000 - nrly n-thrd f th cst - t th cnstrctn f th 35,000-st stdm, whch ws cmpltd n 1903, wth th rmndr t b cllctd frm ftr tckt sls.<rf>Rnld . Smth, "Cmmrclzd ntrcllgt thltcs nd th 1903 Hrvrd Stdm," ''Nw nglnd Qrtrly'', Vl. 78, N. 1 (Mr., 2005), pp. 26-48 [http://www.jstr.rg/stbl/1559707 n JSTR]</rf>
  
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==Expansion==
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==xpnsn==
  
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Over the years, Harvard has grown to include a number of major schools.<ref>[http://www.harvard.edu/academics/]</ref>   
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vr th yrs, Hrvrd hs grwn t ncld  nmbr f mjr schls.<rf>[http://www.hrvrd.d/cdmcs/]</rf>   
  
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They include:
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Thy ncld:
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* Arts and Sciences
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* rts nd Scncs
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* Engineering and Applied Sciences
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* ngnrng nd ppld Scncs
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* Harvard Medical School
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* Hrvrd Mdcl Schl
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* Harvard School of Dental Medicine
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* Hrvrd Schl f Dntl Mdcn
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* [[Harvard Business School]] (Founded in 1908, HBS was originally located in Harvard Yard. The present campus, with its stately Georgian buildings following the gentle curve on the Boston side of the Charles River, was dedicated in June of 1927.) <ref> [http://www.hbs.edu/campus/ Campus.] </ref>
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* [[Hrvrd Bsnss Schl]] (Fndd n 1908, HBS ws rgnlly lctd n Hrvrd Yrd. Th prsnt cmps, wth ts sttly Grgn bldngs fllwng th gntl crv n th Bstn sd f th Chrls Rvr, ws ddctd n Jn f 1927.) <rf> [http://www.hbs.d/cmps/ Cmps.] </rf>
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* Graduate School of Design
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* Grdt Schl f Dsgn
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* [[Harvard Divinity School]]
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* [[Hrvrd Dvnty Schl]]
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* Graduate School of Education
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* Grdt Schl f dctn
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* John F. Kennedy School of Government
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* Jhn F. Knndy Schl f Gvrnmnt
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* [[Harvard Law School]]
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* [[Hrvrd Lw Schl]]
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* [[Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University|Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study]]
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* [[Rdclff nsttt fr dvncd Stdy t Hrvrd nvrsty|Rdclff nsttt fr dvncd Stdy]]
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* Harvard School of Public Health
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* Hrvrd Schl f Pblc Hlth
  
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==High grades==
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==Hgh grds==
  
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In 2001, Harvard was focused upon as part of a controversy in which high, but allegedly unwarranted, GPA's (Grade Point Averages) were awarded. While in 1940 C-minus was the most common GPA at Harvard, and in 1955 only 15 percent of undergraduates had a GPA of B-plus or higher, in the year 2000, 50% in of all the grades given were As or A-minuses, with just six percent being C-pluses or lower. More than 90 percent of the class of 2001 had earned grade-point averages of B-minus or higher.
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n 2001, Hrvrd ws fcsd pn s prt f  cntrvrsy n whch hgh, bt llgdly nwrrntd, GP's (Grd Pnt vrgs) wr wrdd. Whl n 1940 C-mns ws th mst cmmn GP t Hrvrd, nd n 1955 nly 15 prcnt f ndrgrdts hd  GP f B-pls r hghr, n th yr 2000, 50% n f ll th grds gvn wr s r -mnss, wth jst sx prcnt bng C-plss r lwr. Mr thn 90 prcnt f th clss f 2001 hd rnd grd-pnt vrgs f B-mns r hghr.
  
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Observers point out that entering freshmen typically have straight-A averages in high school, SAT scores near 800 in all fields, and have demonstrated an unusual ability to engage in serious study.  The days when Harvard included many "Gentleman C" students there for social activities are long gone.
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bsrvrs pnt t tht ntrng frshmn typclly hv strght- vrgs n hgh schl, ST scrs nr 800 n ll flds, nd hv dmnstrtd n nsl blty t ngg n srs stdy.  Th dys whn Hrvrd ncldd mny "Gntlmn C" stdnts thr fr scl ctvts r lng gn.
  
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In a ''Harvard Crimson'' article, noted conservative Harvard professor [[Harvey Mansfield]] contended that "Grade inflation got started … when professors raised the grades of students protesting the war in Vietnam..." "At that time, too, white professors, imbibing the spirit of the new policies of affirmative action, stopped giving low grades to black students, and to justify or conceal this, also stopped giving low grades to white students." The problem was essentially seen as the predominance of the notion of self-esteem, "in which the purpose of education is to make students feel capable and 'empowered,' and professors should hesitate to pass judgment on what students have learned." Such assertions resulted in no small controversy.  
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n  ''Hrvrd Crmsn'' rtcl, ntd cnsrvtv Hrvrd prfssr [[Hrvy Mnsfld]] cntndd tht "Grd nfltn gt strtd … whn prfssrs rsd th grds f stdnts prtstng th wr n Vtnm..." "t tht tm, t, wht prfssrs, mbbng th sprt f th nw plcs f ffrmtv ctn, stppd gvng lw grds t blck stdnts, nd t jstfy r cncl ths, ls stppd gvng lw grds t wht stdnts." Th prblm ws ssntlly sn s th prdmnnc f th ntn f slf-stm, "n whch th prps f dctn s t mk stdnts fl cpbl nd 'mpwrd,' nd prfssrs shld hstt t pss jdgmnt n wht stdnts hv lrnd." Sch ssrtns rsltd n n smll cntrvrsy.  
  
−
Harvard alumnus and author Ross Douthat attributed this problem partly to socioeconomic differences, and noted that "Harvard students are creatively lazy, gifted at working smarter rather than harder", being brilliant largely in their tactics "to achieve a maximal GPA in return for minimal effort."  Few people who have taught at Harvard agree with Douthat's notions.<ref>Ross Douthat, "The Truth About Harvard," ''The Atlantic Monthly'' March 2005 ; adapted from his book, ''Privilege: Harvard and the Education of the Ruling Class''</ref>
+
Hrvrd lmns nd thr Rss Dtht ttrbtd ths prblm prtly t sccnmc dffrncs, nd ntd tht "Hrvrd stdnts r crtvly lzy, gftd t wrkng smrtr rthr thn hrdr", bng brllnt lrgly n thr tctcs "t chv  mxml GP n rtrn fr mnml ffrt."  Fw ppl wh hv tght t Hrvrd gr wth Dtht's ntns.<rf>Rss Dtht, "Th Trth bt Hrvrd," ''Th tlntc Mnthly'' Mrch 2005 ; dptd frm hs bk, ''Prvlg: Hrvrd nd th dctn f th Rlng Clss''</rf>
  
−
==Notable Alumni==
+
==Ntbl lmn==
−
{|background="none" width="100%" border="1"
+
{|bckgrnd="nn" wdth="100%" brdr="1"
 
|-
 
|-
−
!A-F                 
+
!-F                 
 
!G-L
 
!G-L
 
!M-R
 
!M-R
 
!S-Z                   
 
!S-Z                   
 
|-
 
|-
−
|valign="top"|<small>
+
|vlgn="tp"|<smll>
−
*[[John Adams]]
+
*[[Jhn dms]]
−
*[[Steve Ballmer]]
+
*[[Stv Bllmr]]
−
*[[Fred Barnes]]  
+
*[[Frd Brns]]  
−
*[[Leonard Bernstein]]
+
*[[Lnrd Brnstn]]
−
*[[Benazir Bhutto]]  
+
*[[Bnzr Bhtt]]  
−
*[[Stephen Breyer]]
+
*[[Stphn Bryr]]
−
*[[Fred Brooks]]
+
*[[Frd Brks]]
−
*[[George W. Bush]]
+
*[[Grg W. Bsh]]
−
*[[Felipe Calderon]]
+
*[[Flp Cldrn]]
−
*[[Jim Cramer]]
+
*[[Jm Crmr]]
−
*[[Lou Dobbs]]
+
*[[L Dbbs]]
−
*[[T.S. Eliot]]
+
*[[T.S. lt]]
−
*[[Ralph Waldo Emerson]]
+
*[[Rlph Wld mrsn]]
−
*[[John L. Esposito]]
+
*[[Jhn L. spst]]
−
*[[Bill Frist]]
+
*[[Bll Frst]]
−
</small>
+
</smll>
−
|valign="top"|<small>
+
|vlgn="tp"|<smll>
−
*[[John Kenneth Galbraith]]
+
*[[Jhn Knnth Glbrth]]
−
*[[Bill Gates]]
+
*[[Bll Gts]]
−
*[[Robert Gagnon]]
+
*[[Rbrt Ggnn]]
−
*[[Alberto R. Gonzales]]
+
*[[lbrt R. Gnzls]]
−
*[[Al Gore]]
+
*[[l Gr]]
−
*[[Michael Greenberg]]  
+
*[[Mchl Grnbrg]]  
−
*[[Theodore Hall]]
+
*[[Thdr Hll]]
−
*[[John Hancock]]
+
*[[Jhn Hncck]]
−
*[[Philip Johnson]]
+
*[[Phlp Jhnsn]]
−
*[[John F. Kennedy]]
+
*[[Jhn F. Knndy]]
−
*[[Henry Kissinger]]
+
*[[Hnry Kssngr]]
−
*[[Charles Krauthammer]]
+
*[[Chrls Krthmmr]]
−
*[[Robert Kraft]]  
+
*[[Rbrt Krft]]  
−
*[[Bill Kristol]]
+
*[[Bll Krstl]]
−
*[[Edward John Larson]]
+
*[[dwrd Jhn Lrsn]]
−
*[[Jack Lemmon]]
+
*[[Jck Lmmn]]
−
*[[James Lovell]]
+
*[[Jms Lvll]]
−
</small>
+
</smll>
−
|valign="top"|<small>
+
|vlgn="tp"|<smll>
−
*[[Norman Mailer]]
+
*[[Nrmn Mlr]]
−
*[[Thom Mayne]]
+
*[[Thm Myn]]
−
*[[Robert McNamara]]
+
*[[Rbrt McNmr]]
−
*[[Benjamin Netanyahu]]
+
*[[Bnjmn Ntnyh]]
−
*[[Barack Obama]]
+
*[[Brck bm]]
−
*[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
+
*[[J. Rbrt ppnhmr]]
−
*[[Bill O'Reilly]]
+
*[[Bll 'Rlly]]
−
*[[Tim O'Reilly]]
+
*[[Tm 'Rlly]]
−
*[[Hadi Partovi]]
+
*[[Hd Prtv]]
−
*[[Deval Patrick]]  
+
*[[Dvl Ptrck]]  
−
*[[Sebastian Pinera]]  
+
*[[Sbstn Pnr]]  
−
*[[David Rockefeller]]
+
*[[Dvd Rckfllr]]
−
*[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]
+
*[[Frnkln D. Rsvlt]]
−
*[[Allan Rosenberg]]
+
*[[lln Rsnbrg]]
−
</small>
+
</smll>
−
|valign="top"|<small>
+
|vlgn="tp"|<smll>
−
*[[Paul Samuelson]]
+
*[[Pl Smlsn]]
−
*[[Andrew Schlafly]]
+
*[[ndrw Schlfly]]
−
*[[Craig Silverstein]]
+
*[[Crg Slvrstn]]
−
*[[Ted Stevens]]
+
*[[Td Stvns]]
−
*[[Andrew Sullivan]]
+
*[[ndrw Sllvn]]
−
*[[Henry David Thoreau]]
+
*[[Hnry Dvd Thr]]
−
*[[Pierre Trudeau]]
+
*[[Prr Trd]]
−
*[[William Ludwig Ullman]]
+
*[[Wllm Ldwg llmn]]
−
*[[Van Taylor]]
+
*[[Vn Tylr]]
−
*[[John Wentworth Jr.]]  
+
*[[Jhn Wntwrth Jr.]]  
−
*[[Thomas Wolfe]]
+
*[[Thms Wlf]]
−
</small>
+
</smll>
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
== See also ==
+
== S ls ==
−
*[[Yale University]]
+
*[[Yl nvrsty]]
−
*[[University]]
+
*[[nvrsty]]
−
*[[Ohio State University]]
+
*[[h Stt nvrsty]]
−
*[[Harvard Law Review]]
+
*[[Hrvrd Lw Rvw]]
  
−
== External links ==
+
== xtrnl lnks ==
  
−
*[http://www.experiencefestival.com/harvard_law_school/articleindex Harvard Law School - Article Index.]
+
*[http://www.xprncfstvl.cm/hrvrd_lw_schl/rtclndx Hrvrd Lw Schl - rtcl ndx.]
−
*[http://www.extension.harvard.edu/alumni/about/notable.jsp Notable Alumni.] Extension School.
+
*[http://www.xtnsn.hrvrd.d/lmn/bt/ntbl.jsp Ntbl lmn.] xtnsn Schl.
−
*[http://www.hbs.edu/ Harvard Business School.]
+
*[http://www.hbs.d/ Hrvrd Bsnss Schl.]
−
*[http://www.pluralism.org/ The Pluralism Project]
+
*[http://www.plrlsm.rg/ Th Plrlsm Prjct]
  
−
==References==
+
==Rfrncs==
−
{{reflist}}
+
{{rflst}}
  
−
==Further reading==
+
==Frthr rdng==
−
* Abelmann, Walter H., ed. ''The Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology: The First 25 Years, 1970-1995'' (2004). 346 pp.
+
* blmnn, Wltr H., d. ''Th Hrvrd-MT Dvsn f Hlth Scncs nd Tchnlgy: Th Frst 25 Yrs, 1970-1995'' (2004). 346 pp.
−
* Bethell, John T.; Hunt, Richard M.; and Shenton, Robert. ''Harvard A to Z'' (2004). 396 pp. the best guide [http://www.amazon.com/Harvard-Z-John-T-Bethell/dp/0674012887/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1264371175&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
+
* Bthll, Jhn T.; Hnt, Rchrd M.; nd Shntn, Rbrt. ''Hrvrd  t Z'' (2004). 396 pp. th bst gd [http://www.mzn.cm/Hrvrd-Z-Jhn-T-Bthll/dp/0674012887/rf=sr_1_1?=TF8&s=bks&qd=1264371175&sr=8-1 xcrpt nd txt srch]
−
* Harvard U. ''Education, Bricks and Mortar: Harvard Buildings and Their Contribution to the Advancement of Learning'' (1949) [http://www.questia.com/read/59261318?title=Education%2c%20Bricks%20and%20Mortar%3a%20Harvard%20Buildings%20and%20Their%20Contribution%20to%20the%20Advancement%20of%20Learning online edition]  
+
* Hrvrd . ''dctn, Brcks nd Mrtr: Hrvrd Bldngs nd Thr Cntrbtn t th dvncmnt f Lrnng'' (1949) [http://www.qst.cm/rd/59261318?ttl=dctn%2c%20Brcks%20nd%20Mrtr%3%20Hrvrd%20Bldngs%20nd%20Thr%20Cntrbtn%20t%20th%20dvncmnt%20f%20Lrnng nln dtn]  
−
* James, Henry. ''Charles W. Eliot: President of Harvard University, 1869-1909'' (1930) [http://www.questia.com/read/1107046?title=Charles%20W.%20Eliot%3a%20President%20of%20Harvard%20University%2c%201869-1909 online edition]  
+
* Jms, Hnry. ''Chrls W. lt: Prsdnt f Hrvrd nvrsty, 1869-1909'' (1930) [http://www.qst.cm/rd/1107046?ttl=Chrls%20W.%20lt%3%20Prsdnt%20f%20Hrvrd%20nvrsty%2c%201869-1909 nln dtn]  
−
* Keller, Morton. ''Making Harvard Modern: The Rise of America's University'' (2001), major history covers 1933 to 2002 [http://www.questia.com/read/106186126?title=Making%20Harvard%20Modern%3a%20%20The%20Rise%20of%20America%27s%20University online edition]
+
* Kllr, Mrtn. ''Mkng Hrvrd Mdrn: Th Rs f mrc's nvrsty'' (2001), mjr hstry cvrs 1933 t 2002 [http://www.qst.cm/rd/106186126?ttl=Mkng%20Hrvrd%20Mdrn%3%20%20Th%20Rs%20f%20mrc%27s%20nvrsty nln dtn]
−
* Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher, ed. ''Yards and Gates: Gender in Harvard and Radcliffe History'' (2004). 337 pp.  
+
* lrch, Lrl Thtchr, d. ''Yrds nd Gts: Gndr n Hrvrd nd Rdclff Hstry'' (2004). 337 pp.  
−
* Wright, Conrad Edick. ''Revolutionary Generation: Harvard Men and the Consequences of Independence'' (2005). 298 pp.  
+
* Wrght, Cnrd dck. ''Rvltnry Gnrtn: Hrvrd Mn nd th Cnsqncs f ndpndnc'' (2005). 298 pp.  
  
  
  
  
−
{{Nb_US_universities|Massachusetts}}
+
{{Nb_S_nvrsts|Msschstts}}
−
[[Category:Universities]]
+
[[Ctgry:nvrsts]]

Revision as of 03:37, July 17, 2011

Template:Nvrsty lft|thmb|300px|nnnbrg Hll, th frshmn dnng fclty, (cpyrght Hrvrd) Hrvrd nvrsty s prvt nvrsty lctd n Cmbrdg, Msschstts, bt thr mls wst f MT. t rnkd #1 n S Nws's 2009 "Ntnl nvrsts: Tp Schls" lst,<rf>http://cllgs.snws.rnkngsndrvws.cm/cllg/tms/2155</rf> nd s slly rnkd thr frst r scnd n mst lsts f smlr ntr.

Fndd n 1636 (s "Nw Cllg" t Cmbrdg; th schl rnmd tslf "Hrvrd Cllg" n 1639.), t s th ldst nstttn f hghr lrnng n th ntd Stts. t ws rgnlly fndd by Cngrgtnlsts fr th prps f trnng mnstrs.

Hrvrd s n f th ght schls n th vy Lg. Hrvrd ccpts pplctns frm hmschld chldrn.<rf>Chrstn xmnr, Spt. 2007, Vl 25, N 9, Pg. 12</rf>

Th Hrvrd nvrsty lbrrs cntn mr thn 16 mlln vlms nd s th lrgst nd mst mprtnt cdmc lbrry n th wrld. t bgn n th 1638 bqst f 400 bks frm Jhn Hrvrd ( yng clrgymn; th nvrsty ws nmd ftr hm). Th cr f th nvrsty's cllctns s fnd n Wdnr Lbrry, bt thr r 70 lbrrs n ll. t s rnwnd fr spcl cllctns f ncnbl, lw, nthrplgy, st sn stds, Slvc stds, Hbrc nd Jdc, mrcn hstry nd ltrtr, Brtsh nd rpn hstry nd ltrtr, ltrry mnscrpts, nd fn rts.

Th Hrvrd nvrsty Prss s ldng cdmc pblshr f schlrly mngrphs, nd hs pblshd mr thn 4,000 ttls, ncldng th Lb Clsscl Lbrry.


Hstry

Clnl

Wth sm 17,000 Prtns mgrtng t Nw nglnd by 1620, Hrvrd ws fndd by mnstrs wh rlzd th nd fr trnng clrgy fr th nw cmmnwlth, "chrch n th wldrnss." t ws nmd fr Jhn Hrvrd, ts frst bnfctr. t rcvd ts crprt chrtr n 1650 nd bcm nvrsty n 1780.

n th wrds f Hrvrd's fndrs:

"ftr Gd hd crrd s sf t Nw nglnd, nd w ... rr'd cnvnnt plcs fr Gd's wrshp ... drdng t lv n lltrt Mnstry t th Chrchs, whn r prsnt Mnstrs shll l n th Dst ... t plsd Gd t str p th hrt f n Mr. Hrvrd, gdly gntlmn nd lvr f lrnng ... t gv th n hlf f hs stt ... twrds th rctng f cllg nd ll hs Lbrry."

thmb|300px|Hrvrd Cllg ws fndd n 1636 mkng Bstn th ntllctl cntr f Nw nglnd

Whn th cllg's frst prsdnt Hnry Dnstr bndnd Prtnsm n fvr f th Bptst fth n 1653, h prvkd cntrvrsy tht hghlghtd tw dstnct pprchs t dlng wth dssnt n th Msschstts By Clny. Th clny's Prtn ldrs, whs wn rlgn ws brn f dssnt frm mnstrm Chrch f nglnd, gnrlly wrkd fr rcncltn wth mmbrs wh qstnd mttrs f Prtn thlgy bt rspndd mch mr hrshly t trght rjctn f Prtnsm. Dnstr's cnflct wth th clny's mgstrts bgn whn h fld t hv hs nfnt sn bptzd, blvng, s nwly cnvrtd Bptst, tht nly dlts shld b bptzd. ffrts t rstr Dnstr t Prtn rthdxy fld, nd hs pstsy prvd ntnbl t clny ldrs wh hd ntrstd hm, n hs jb s Hrvrd's prsdnt, t phld th clny's rlgs mssn. Ths, h rprsntd thrt t th stblty f scty. Dnstr xld hmslf n 1654 nd mvd t nrby Plymth Clny, whr h dd n 1658.<rf> Tmthy L. Wd, "' Spk th Trth n th Fr f Gd': th Prtn Mngmnt f Dssnt Drng th Hnry Dnstr Cntrvrsy," Hstrcl Jrnl f Msschstts 2005 33(1): 1-19, </rf>


n 1692, th Prtn prchr ncrs Mthr bcm Prsdnt f Hrvrd. n f hs cts ws rplcng Rmn Clsscs wth bks by Chrstn thrs n thcs clsss, nd mntnng hgh stndrd f dscpln. Bth Hrvrd Cllg Lws f 1642 nd Hrvrd Cllg Lws f 1700 tstfy t ts rgnl hgh lvl f dscpln.<rf>Lws nd Sttts fr Stdnts f Hrvrd Cllg</rf> Stdnts wr rqrd t bsrv rls f ps dcrm ncncvbl n th nntnth cntry, nd ltmtly t prv thr ftnss fr th bchlr's dgr by shwng tht thy cld 'rd th rgnl f th ld nd Nw Tstmnt nt th Ltn tng, nd rslv thm lgclly.'<rf>Cttn Mthr, th Prtn prst", by Brrtt Wndll</rf>

Th rly mtt f Hrvrd ws Vrts Chrst t ccls, mnng "Trth Fr Chrst nd th Chrch." n th rly clsss hlf th grdts bcm mnstrs. By th 1760s th prprtn ws dwn t 15%. Tn t f th frst twlv prsdnts wr ls mnstrs. Systmtc thlgcl nstrctn ws ngrtd n 1721 nd by 1827 Hrvrd bcm ncls f thlgcl tchng n Nw nglnd.<rf>http://www.rfrnc.cm/brws/Hrvrd</rf>

Th dprtr f ncrs Mthr frm th prsdncy n 1701 mrkd th bgnnng f lng trm strggl btwn rthdxy nd lbrlsm. Hrvrd's frst sclr prsdnt ws Jhn Lvrtt, wh bgn hs trm n 1708. Lvrtt lft th crrclm lrgly ntct nd sght t kp th Cllg ndpndnt f th vrwhlmng nflnc f ny sngl sct <rf>Jhn Lvrtt - Hstry - ffc f th Prsdnt</rf>.

Svn lmn wr klld n th mrcn Rvltn. Lylsts wr tnmbrd svn t n by ptrts mng th grdts f Hrvrd nd, t th cnclsn f th wr, fnd thmslvs tsd f bth mrcn nd Brtsh scty, spclly lckng bsnss cntcts. Ptrts, hwvr, wr mch mr mxd n thr ltr crrs, wth sm gng n t wlth nd thrs rcdng nt bscrty. Jhn dms bcm th scnd prsdnt f th ntd Stts.<rf> Jck P. Grn, "Hrvrd Mn n Chngng Wrld," Msschstts Hstrcl Rvw 2007 9: 166-176, </rf>

19th cntry

Th tkvr f Hrvrd by th ntrns n 1805 rsltd n th sclrztn f th mrcn cllg. By 1850 Hrvrd ws th "ntrn Vtcn." Th "lbrls" (ntrns) lld thmslvs wth hgh Fdrlsts nd bgn t crt st f prvt scts nd nstttns mnt t shr p thr cltrl nd pltcl thrty, mvmnt tht prfgrd th mrgnc f th Bstn Brhmn clss. n th thr hnd, th thlgcl cnsrvtvs sd prnt md t rg fr th mntnnc f pn dbt nd dmcrtc gvrnnc thrgh dvrs pblc sphr, sng th lbrls' mvmnt s n ttmpt t crt cltrl lgrchy n ppstn t Cngrgtnlst trdtn nd rpblcn pltcl prncpls.<rf>Nl Brdy Mllr, "'Prpr Sbjcts fr Pblc nqry': th Frst ntrn Cntrvrsy nd th Trnsfrmtn f Fdrlst Prnt Cltr," rly mrcn Ltrtr 2008 43(1): 101-135; Brf Hstry f Chrstn nflnc n .S. Cllgs</rf>

n 1846, th ntrl hstry lctrs f Ls gssz wr cclmd bth n Nw Yrk nd n hs cmps t Hrvrd Cllg. gssz's pprch ws dstnctly dlst nd pstd mrcns' 'prtcptn n th Dvn Ntr' nd th pssblty f ndrstndng 'ntllctl xstncs.' gssz's prspctv n scnc cmbnd bsrvtn wth nttn nd th ssmptn tht n cn grsp th 'dvn pln' n ll phnmn. Whn t cm t xplnng lf-frms, gssz rsrtd t mttrs f shp bsd n prsmd rchtyp fr hs vdnc. Ths dl vw f knwldg ws n cncrt wth th tchngs f Cmmn Sns Rlsm drvd frm Scttsh phlsphrs Thms Rd nd Dgld Stwrt, whs wrks wr prt f th Hrvrd crrclm t th tm. Th pplrty f gssz's ffrts t 'sr wth Plt' prbbly ls drvd frm thr wrtngs t whch Hrvrd stdnts wr xpsd, ncldng Pltnc trtss by Rlph Cdwrth, Jhn Nrrs, nd, n Rmntc vn, Sml Clrdg. Th lbrry rcrds t Hrvrd rvl tht th wrtngs f Plt nd hs rly mdrn nd Rmntc fllwrs wr lmst s rglrly rd drng th 19th cntry s ths f th 'ffcl phlsphy' f th mr mprcl nd mr dstc Scttsh schl.<rf>Dvd K. Nrtns, "Ls gssz nd th Pltnst Stry f Crtn t Hrvrd, 1795-1846," Jrnl f th Hstry f ds 2005 66(3): 437-449, n JSTR</rf>

Chrls W. lt, prsdnt 1869-1909, lmntd th fvrd pstn f Chrstnty frm th crrclm whl pnng t t stdnt slf-drctn. Whl lt ws th mst crcl fgr n th sclrztn f mrcn hghr dctn, h ws mtvtd nt by dsr t sclrz dctn, bt by Trnscndntlst ntrn cnvctns. Drvd frm Wllm llry Chnnng nd Rlph Wld mrsn, ths cnvctns wr fcsd n th dgnty nd wrth f hmn ntr, th rght nd blty f ch prsn t prcv trth, nd th ndwllng Gd n ch prsn.<rf>Stphn P. Shmkr, "Th Thlgcl Rts f Chrls W. lt's dctnl Rfrms," Jrnl f ntrn nvrslst Hstry 2006-2007 31: 30-45, </rf>

Ftbll, rgnlly rgnzd by stdnts s n xtrcrrclr ctvty, ws bnnd twc by th nvrsty fr bng brtl nd dngrs sprt. Hwvr, by th 1880s, ftbll bcm dmnnt frc t th cllg s th lmn bcm mr nvlvd n th sprt. n 1882, th fclty frmd thr-mmbr thltc cmmtt t vrs ll ntrcllgt thltcs, bt, d t ncrsng stdnt nd lmn prssr, th cmmtt ws xpndd n 1885 t ncld thr stdnt nd thr lmn mmbrs. Th lmn's rl n th rs nd cmmrclztn f ftbll, th ldng mnymkr fr thltcs by th 1880s, ws vdnt n th fndrsng fr th frst stl-rnfrcd cncrt stdm. Th clss f 1879 dntd $100,000 - nrly n-thrd f th cst - t th cnstrctn f th 35,000-st stdm, whch ws cmpltd n 1903, wth th rmndr t b cllctd frm ftr tckt sls.<rf>Rnld . Smth, "Cmmrclzd ntrcllgt thltcs nd th 1903 Hrvrd Stdm," Nw nglnd Qrtrly, Vl. 78, N. 1 (Mr., 2005), pp. 26-48 n JSTR</rf>

xpnsn

vr th yrs, Hrvrd hs grwn t ncld nmbr f mjr schls.<rf>[1]</rf>

Thy ncld:

  • rts nd Scncs
  • ngnrng nd ppld Scncs
  • Hrvrd Mdcl Schl
  • Hrvrd Schl f Dntl Mdcn
  • Hrvrd Bsnss Schl (Fndd n 1908, HBS ws rgnlly lctd n Hrvrd Yrd. Th prsnt cmps, wth ts sttly Grgn bldngs fllwng th gntl crv n th Bstn sd f th Chrls Rvr, ws ddctd n Jn f 1927.) <rf> Cmps. </rf>
  • Grdt Schl f Dsgn
  • Hrvrd Dvnty Schl
  • Grdt Schl f dctn
  • Jhn F. Knndy Schl f Gvrnmnt
  • Hrvrd Lw Schl
  • Rdclff nsttt fr dvncd Stdy
  • Hrvrd Schl f Pblc Hlth

Hgh grds

n 2001, Hrvrd ws fcsd pn s prt f cntrvrsy n whch hgh, bt llgdly nwrrntd, GP's (Grd Pnt vrgs) wr wrdd. Whl n 1940 C-mns ws th mst cmmn GP t Hrvrd, nd n 1955 nly 15 prcnt f ndrgrdts hd GP f B-pls r hghr, n th yr 2000, 50% n f ll th grds gvn wr s r -mnss, wth jst sx prcnt bng C-plss r lwr. Mr thn 90 prcnt f th clss f 2001 hd rnd grd-pnt vrgs f B-mns r hghr.

bsrvrs pnt t tht ntrng frshmn typclly hv strght- vrgs n hgh schl, ST scrs nr 800 n ll flds, nd hv dmnstrtd n nsl blty t ngg n srs stdy. Th dys whn Hrvrd ncldd mny "Gntlmn C" stdnts thr fr scl ctvts r lng gn.

n Hrvrd Crmsn rtcl, ntd cnsrvtv Hrvrd prfssr Hrvy Mnsfld cntndd tht "Grd nfltn gt strtd … whn prfssrs rsd th grds f stdnts prtstng th wr n Vtnm..." "t tht tm, t, wht prfssrs, mbbng th sprt f th nw plcs f ffrmtv ctn, stppd gvng lw grds t blck stdnts, nd t jstfy r cncl ths, ls stppd gvng lw grds t wht stdnts." Th prblm ws ssntlly sn s th prdmnnc f th ntn f slf-stm, "n whch th prps f dctn s t mk stdnts fl cpbl nd 'mpwrd,' nd prfssrs shld hstt t pss jdgmnt n wht stdnts hv lrnd." Sch ssrtns rsltd n n smll cntrvrsy.

Hrvrd lmns nd thr Rss Dtht ttrbtd ths prblm prtly t sccnmc dffrncs, nd ntd tht "Hrvrd stdnts r crtvly lzy, gftd t wrkng smrtr rthr thn hrdr", bng brllnt lrgly n thr tctcs "t chv mxml GP n rtrn fr mnml ffrt." Fw ppl wh hv tght t Hrvrd gr wth Dtht's ntns.<rf>Rss Dtht, "Th Trth bt Hrvrd," Th tlntc Mnthly Mrch 2005 ; dptd frm hs bk, Prvlg: Hrvrd nd th dctn f th Rlng Clss</rf>

Ntbl lmn

-F G-L M-R S-Z
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S ls

xtrnl lnks

Rfrncs

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Frthr rdng

  • blmnn, Wltr H., d. Th Hrvrd-MT Dvsn f Hlth Scncs nd Tchnlgy: Th Frst 25 Yrs, 1970-1995 (2004). 346 pp.
  • Bthll, Jhn T.; Hnt, Rchrd M.; nd Shntn, Rbrt. Hrvrd t Z (2004). 396 pp. th bst gd xcrpt nd txt srch
  • Hrvrd . dctn, Brcks nd Mrtr: Hrvrd Bldngs nd Thr Cntrbtn t th dvncmnt f Lrnng (1949) nln dtn
  • Jms, Hnry. Chrls W. lt: Prsdnt f Hrvrd nvrsty, 1869-1909 (1930) nln dtn
  • Kllr, Mrtn. Mkng Hrvrd Mdrn: Th Rs f mrc's nvrsty (2001), mjr hstry cvrs 1933 t 2002 nln dtn
  • lrch, Lrl Thtchr, d. Yrds nd Gts: Gndr n Hrvrd nd Rdclff Hstry (2004). 337 pp.
  • Wrght, Cnrd dck. Rvltnry Gnrtn: Hrvrd Mn nd th Cnsqncs f ndpndnc (2005). 298 pp.



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