Bolt-action

Bolt action is a type of action in a firearm where the weapon's bolt is manually operated via opening and closing the breech barrel.

This is done via the bolt handle which on most firearms is placed on right hand side to make it easier for right handed shooters who have a cheek weld with their right face cheek and the stock thereby allowing their trigger finger to manipulate the bolt in order to eject the spent round from the chamber and insert a new round from the magazine while automatically the firing pin is cocked.

Rifles

Bolt-action rifles typically use a manually operated rotating bolt to chamber a new round and eject the spent rounds (or empty shell casings). Bolt-actions are considered to be more accurate and reliable than other action types due to their simplicity and relative lack of movement.

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Firearms Glossary Sources: Boston's Gun Bible, Tools for Survival, SAAMI.org.