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adding section on detection controversy
|doi=10.1038/nature11224
|doi=10.1038/nature11224
|url=http://www.nature.com/news/dark-matter-s-tendrils-revealed-1.10951
|url=http://www.nature.com/news/dark-matter-s-tendrils-revealed-1.10951
|quote=}}</ref>) making bold claims that the Dark Matter have been 'directly' observed or detected {{#tag:ref|cf."However, to get the [Big Bang] theory to work, a universe comprising 22% dark matter is an absolute must."<ref name="clamour
|quote=}}</ref>) making bold claims that the Dark Matter have been 'directly' observed or detected {{#tag:ref|cf."However, to get the [Big Bang] theory to work, a universe comprising 22% dark matter is an absolute must."<ref name="clamour of claims">{{cite web
of claims">{{cite web
|title=Has ‘dark matter’ really been proven? Clarifying the clamour of claims from colliding clusters
|title=Has ‘dark matter’ really been proven? Clarifying the clamour of claims from colliding clusters
|author=John Hartnett
|author=John Hartnett
|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200809599
|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200809599
|accessdate=2012-10-14
|accessdate=2012-10-14
|quote=About half of the baryons in the local Universe are invisible and - according to simulations - their dominant fraction resides in filaments connecting clusters of galaxies in the form of low density gas with temperatures in the range of 105 < T < 107 K. This warm-hot intergalactic medium has never been detected indisputably using X-ray observations.}}</ref> might be associated with ejection events of one galaxy giving birth to another.<ref name="clamour of claims"/>
|quote=About half of the baryons in the local Universe are invisible and - according to simulations - their dominant fraction resides in filaments connecting clusters of galaxies in the form of low density gas with temperatures in the range of 105 < T < 107 K. This warm-hot intergalactic medium has never been detected indisputably using X-ray observations.}}</ref> might be associated with ejection events of one galaxy giving birth to another. Such hypothesis undermines the standard big bang cosmology which assumes all matter originated in the initial big bang.<ref name="clamour of claims"/>
== The first dark matter ==
== The first dark matter ==
==== Secular criticism ====
==== Secular criticism ====
Tim Thompson<ref name=Thompson/> has recently suggested that the major attractive force that allows galaxies and systems of higher mass to rotate with such excessive speed is not gravity at all, but electrostatic forces. He reminds his readers that electrostatic forces are stronger than gravity, and also that the strength of a magnetic field varies inversely as the first power, not the square, of the distance from the center. This is very close to Milgrom's MOND, with the advantage of having an underlying theory to explain it,<ref name=Thompson/> which Milgrom's system does not have.<ref name=Hartnett/> More to the point, Thompson suggests that the quality that allows galaxies to spin so rapidly is not mass, but electric charge. However, c and he has never been able to publish them in any reputable publication.
Tim Thompson<ref name=Thompson/> has recently suggested that the major attractive force that allows galaxies and systems of higher mass to rotate with such excessive speed is not gravity at all, but electrostatic forces. He reminds his readers that electrostatic forces are stronger than gravity, and also that the strength of a magnetic field varies inversely as the first power, not the square, of the distance from the center. This is very close to Milgrom's MOND, with the advantage of having an underlying theory to explain it,<ref name=Thompson/> which Milgrom's system does not have.<ref name=Hartnett/> More to the point, Thompson suggests that the quality that allows galaxies to spin so rapidly is not mass, but electric charge. However, c and he has never been able to publish them in any reputable publication.
== Controversy over detection of dark matter ==
Several attempts has been made by proponents of Big Bang cosmology paradigm to establish the existence of dark matter as fact and demolish the criticisms of ‘dark matter sceptics’.<ref name="direct empirical proof">{{cite web
|author=Douglas Clowe et al.
|title=A direct empirical proof of the existence of dark matter
|publisher=Astrophys.J.
|date=19 Aug 2006
|issue=648
|pages=L109-L113
|url=http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0608407
|doi=10.1086/508162
|quote=We present new weak lensing observations of 1E0657-558 (z=0.296), a unique cluster merger, that enable a direct detection of dark matter, independent of assumptions regarding the nature of the gravitational force law. Due to the collision of two clusters, the dissipationless stellar component and the fluid-like X-ray emitting plasma are spatially segregated. By using both wide-field ground based images and HST/ACS images of the cluster cores, we create gravitational lensing maps which show that the gravitational potential does not trace the plasma distribution, the dominant baryonic mass component, but rather approximately traces the distribution of galaxies. An 8-sigma significance spatial offset of the center of the total mass from the center of the baryonic mass peaks cannot be explained with an alteration of the gravitational force law, and thus proves that the majority of the matter in the system is unseen.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|author=Fraser Cain
|title=Galaxy Collision Separates Out the Dark Matter
|date=2006-8-21
|acessdate=2012-10-14
|url=http://www.universetoday.com/502/galaxy-collision-separates-out-the-dark-matter/}}</ref> The latest claim published in [[Nature (journal)|journal Nature]] (04 July 2012) is that ''"A ‘finger’ of the Universe’s dark-matter skeleton, which ultimately dictates where galaxies form, has been observed for the first time."'' Despite the bold statement that ''"Researchers have directly detected a slim bridge of dark matter joining two clusters of galaxies"'', the declaration seems self-contradictory as at the same time it has been admitted that the results were obtained by usage of computer simulations and astrophysicists are still faced with necessity to identify what the dark matter is made of. It has been proposed that this mysterious invisible substance that should dominate the space all around us in concentrations six or seven times more than normal matter could be either:
*a cold (slow-moving) particle or
*a warm (fast-moving) one, like a neutrino.{{#tag:ref|cf."Researchers have directly detected a slim bridge of dark matter joining two clusters of galaxies, using a technique that could eventually help astrophysicists to understand the structure of the Universe and identify what makes up the mysterious invisible substance known as dark matter...Refining the technique could also help to pin down the identity of dark matter — whether it is a cold (slow-moving) particle or a warm (fast-moving) one, like a neutrino — because different particles will clump differently along the filament."<ref name="Nature"/>|group=note}}<ref name="Nature"/>
[[John Hartnett|J.Hartnett]] commented on similar occasion that there are many assumptions and interpretations necessarily to be involved, and these kind of arguments typically all hinge on the interpretation of the gravitational lensing evidence, i.e. whether the correct physics has been applied. He points out that some claim dark matter comprises heavy neutrinos. If it was standard neutrinos, there would need to be about 10 billion times the amount of the normal matter made from protons and neutrons. Hence the need to look for a massive neutrino. But there are supposed to only be about 20 particles per cubic centimetre! It seems more than prudent to adopt a ‘wait and see’ approach on this alleged ‘proof’.
J.Hartnett concludes that whether or not the dark matter in some form turns out to be real stuff, its ‘existence’ at present appears to be largely based on an underlying motive to keep a belief system that is fundamentally flawed.<ref name="clamour of claims"/>
==See Also:==
==See Also:==