Changes

Specifically, the price elasticity of demand is the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price.  Because it is always negative, the sign is dropped so that price elasticity is always a positive number.  For example, "-1/3" in price elasticity of demand is called "1/3" without the negative sign.

Specifically, the price elasticity of demand is the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price.  Because it is always negative, the sign is dropped so that price elasticity is always a positive number.  For example, "-1/3" in price elasticity of demand is called "1/3" without the negative sign.

Let’s take an example.  Suppose an NFL (football) team owner wants to make even more profit than it does already.  So the owner decides to increase the ticket prices by 20% for next season.  Because attending football games is an obsession for certain fans, they are likely to pay the higher prices in order to continue attending.  Perhaps only 5% of these fans will choose not to buy.  The quantity demanded changed little despite a large increase in price.  This means the elasticity of demand is low.  To be precise, it is the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price: -5%/20% = -1/4.  The sign is dropped so the elasticity is expressed as “1/4”.  This low elasticity encourages the supplier (the football team owner) to repeatedly increase the price.  Low elasticity is described as an “inelastic demand” by economists.

Let’s take an example.  Suppose an NFL (football) team wants to make even more profit than it does already, and decides to increase its ticket prices by 20% for next season.  Because attending football games is an obsession for certain fans, they are likely to pay the higher prices in order to continue attending.  Perhaps only 5% of these fans will choose not to buy.  The quantity demanded changes little despite a large increase in price.  This means the elasticity of demand is low.  To be precise, it is the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price: -5%/20% = -1/4.  The sign is dropped so the elasticity is expressed as “1/4”.  This low elasticity encourages the supplier (the football team owner) to repeatedly increase the price.  Low elasticity is described as an “inelastic demand” by economists.

How much more revenue does the team make by increasing the price?  Revenue is price times quantity.  If its original price was P and its original quantity Q, then initial revenue is PxQ, or PQ.  After the price increase, the revenue is (1.20 x P) x (.95 x Q) = 1.14PQ.  Revenue has thus increase 14% simply by increasing the price.  That explains why ticket prices for professional sports keep increasing, and why the luxury boxes are so expensive.  The price elasticity of demand for professional sports (particularly football and baseball) is low.  The fans still want to watch, no matter how expensive it gets.  Of course, a higher price does cause some decrease in demand, just not much of a decrease.

How much more revenue does the team make by increasing the price?  Revenue is price times quantity.  If the original ticket price was P and the original quantity of tickets sold was Q, then initial revenue is P multiplied by Q (P times Q, or PxQ, or PQ).  After the price increase, the revenue is (1.20 x P) x (.95 x Q) = 1.14PQ.  Revenue has thus increased 14% simply by increasing the price.  That explains why ticket prices for professional sports keep increasing, and why the luxury boxes are so expensive.  The price elasticity of demand for professional sports (particularly football) is low.  The fans still want to watch, no matter how expensive it gets.  Of course, a higher price does cause some decrease in demand, but not much of a decrease.

Let’s take another example.  Suppose that airlines increase the price on their flights from New York to Florida from an average of $300 per seat to $500 per seat.  That is a 67% increase.  What would that do to the tourist traffic to Florida from New York?  It only takes a day and a half to drive to Florida, which incurs gas charges of perhaps $100 and a hotel charge of perhaps $80.  Many tourists would likely drive rather than pay the higher fares.  The demand for these higher-priced tickets could fall by 75% (due to the price increase), assuming that many of the ticket-buyers are tourists rather than people traveling for their job.

Let’s take another example.  Suppose that airlines increase the price on their flights from New York to Florida from an average of $300 per seat to $500 per seat.  That is a 67% increase.  What would that do to the tourist traffic to Florida from New York?  It takes only a day and a half to drive to Florida, which incurs gas charges of perhaps $125 and a hotel charge of perhaps $80.  Many tourists would likely drive rather than pay the higher fares.  Due to the price increase, the demand for these higher-priced airline tickets could fall by 75%, assuming that many of the ticket-buyers are tourists rather than people traveling for their job.

What is the price elasticity of this demand?  The percent change in quantity demanded is -75% (3/4) and the percent change in price is 67% (2/3), so the elasticity is -3/4 divided by 2/3 = -9/8.  The sign is dropped so the elasticity is expressed as 9/8.  It is greater than 1, and thus is described as having an “elastic demand” rather than an “inelastic demand” (inelastic demand is a value less than 1).  When the price elasticity of demand equals 1, then it is called “unit elasticity of demand.”

What is the price elasticity of this demand?  The percent change in quantity demanded is -75% (3/4) and the percent change in price is 67% (2/3), so the elasticity is -3/4 divided by 2/3 = -9/8.  The sign is dropped so the elasticity is expressed as 9/8.  It is greater than 1, and thus is described as having an “elastic demand” rather than an “inelastic demand” (inelastic demand is a value less than 1).  When the price elasticity of demand equals 1, then it is called “unit elasticity of demand.”

What does it mean to a company if its goods have “elastic demand”?  It means the company should be cautious in raising prices.  Look at what happens to the revenue to the airlines due to the elastic demand for seats on their planes.  The initial revenue was price times quantity, which is PxQ, or PQ.  The revenue after the pricing change is (5/3)(P)(1/4)(Q) = (5/12)PQ.  Its revenue fell to 5/12 of its initial revenue due to the price increase.  The airlines lost over half of its revenue by increasing its price!  Uh oh, that requires laying off many employees, reporting losses to the investors, and firing the persons responsible for that price increase.

What does it mean to a company if its goods have “elastic demand”?  It means the company should be cautious in raising prices.  Look at what happens to the revenue to the airlines due to the elastic demand for seats on their planes.  The initial revenue was price times quantity, which is PxQ, or PQ.  The revenue after the pricing change is (5/3)(P)(1/4)(Q) = (5/12)PQ.  Its revenue fell to 5/12 of its initial revenue due to the price increase.  The airlines lost over half of its revenue by increasing its price!  Uh oh, that requires laying off many employees, reporting losses to the investors, and firing the persons responsible for that price increase.

Consider further the impact of a price increase on the same route that is due only to an increase in fuel costs.  Will those price increases have the same elasticity?  (No, because the alternative of traveling by car increases in cost by a similar amount.  But demand will decrease anyway, because some people will simply stay at home rather than travel.)

Consider further the impact of a price increase on the same route that is due only to an increase in fuel costs.  Will those price increases have the same elasticity?  (No, because the alternative of traveling by car increases in cost by a similar amount.  But demand will decrease a bit, because some people will simply stay at home rather than travel.)

===For Honors Students Only, Concerning Calculating Elasticities===

===For Honors Students Only, Concerning Calculating Elasticities===