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adding section on history
|quote=Ordinary matter: From quarks to us:
|quote=Ordinary matter: From quarks to us:
Implications of Hubble’s discovery was: In the beginning the universe was small and it got bigger and evolved, and so there was a big bang. Penzias and Wilson had discovered that there are billions of microwave photons filling the universe for every atom and this is the heat-leftover from the big bang and that big bang was a hot big bang. And that changes everything because in the beginning there was really hot...it was hotter than in hell…When you heat something up you reduce it to its basic elements and that means that in the beginning the universe was a primordial soup. And so what is primordial soup made of? In 1970s we figured out what the basic pieces what the basic building blocks of matter are – and those are called quarks …The neutrons and protons were made of smaller entities called quarks, … combining that with fact that the universe was hot at the beginning we can figure out what that primordial soup was…I’m going to show you the full-scale model of the entire universe that we see today, what it would look like at the beginning … everything that we can see, 100 billion galaxies, all fit into this soup … and they were reduced to their quark constituents. …We can now reconstruct the history of the universe from quark soup to us…When the universe was younger than one one-hundred thousandth of the second and as we follow it through it’s expanding, it’s cooling, layer upon layer of structure is building up. And so when it was about one one hundred thousandth of the second old, it was cool enough for neutrons and protons to form. And as it cooled, it became cool enough for the neutrons and protons to come together and make the nuclei of the lightest elements in the periodic table and that happened when the universe was a few seconds old. When the universe was a few seconds old there was a nuclear reactor and that nuclear reactor made a lot of helium, made little bit of deuterium, made a Helium3-that’s a light form of helium and it made a tiny amount of lithium…The rest of the elements in periodic table were made in stars and … stars made the rest of the periodic table.}}</ref>
Implications of Hubble’s discovery was: In the beginning the universe was small and it got bigger and evolved, and so there was a big bang. Penzias and Wilson had discovered that there are billions of microwave photons filling the universe for every atom and this is the heat-leftover from the big bang and that big bang was a hot big bang. And that changes everything because in the beginning there was really hot...it was hotter than in hell…When you heat something up you reduce it to its basic elements and that means that in the beginning the universe was a primordial soup. And so what is primordial soup made of? In 1970s we figured out what the basic pieces what the basic building blocks of matter are – and those are called quarks …The neutrons and protons were made of smaller entities called quarks, … combining that with fact that the universe was hot at the beginning we can figure out what that primordial soup was…I’m going to show you the full-scale model of the entire universe that we see today, what it would look like at the beginning … everything that we can see, 100 billion galaxies, all fit into this soup … and they were reduced to their quark constituents. …We can now reconstruct the history of the universe from quark soup to us…When the universe was younger than one one-hundred thousandth of the second and as we follow it through it’s expanding, it’s cooling, layer upon layer of structure is building up. And so when it was about one one hundred thousandth of the second old, it was cool enough for neutrons and protons to form. And as it cooled, it became cool enough for the neutrons and protons to come together and make the nuclei of the lightest elements in the periodic table and that happened when the universe was a few seconds old. When the universe was a few seconds old there was a nuclear reactor and that nuclear reactor made a lot of helium, made little bit of deuterium, made a Helium3-that’s a light form of helium and it made a tiny amount of lithium…The rest of the elements in periodic table were made in stars and … stars made the rest of the periodic table.}}</ref>
==History==
Places in the sky where charged particles moving in a magnetic field sent out strong signals in the radio portion of the spectrum were discovered by astronomers at the end of the World War II. Alan Sandage and Thomas Mathews identified the source of such signals with optically discernible points in sky twenty years later. Astronomers soon found that these objects populated regions around spiral galaxies were X-ray sources as well.
In the Mid-1960s Maarten Schmidt discovered that spectral lines of quasars were shifted massively to the red.<ref name="DeniableDarwin">{{cite book
|author=David Berlinski
|title=The Deniable Darwin
|publisher=Discovery Institute Press
|location=Seattle, USA
|year=2009
|pages=218
|chapter=Was there a Big Bang?
|isbn=978-0-9790141-2-3
|url=http://www.davidberlinski.org/deniable-darwin/about.php
|quote=}}</ref>
==Notes==
==Notes==