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Line 4: − + + + + + + + + − The Nationalist Party played a key role in the overthrow of the monarchy. Its leader, [[Sun Yat-sen]], served briefly as the republic's first president, and it gained a majority in the 1913 parliamentary elections. Backed by the army, President [[Yuan Shikai]] assassinated parliamentary leader Song Jiaoren and dissolved the Nationalist Party. After Yuan died in 1916, central government weakened. The Japanese backed the reactionary warlord Zhang Zuolin in Manchuria. The Russians under Stalin backed the Nationalist Party, now based in Guangzhou and allied with the Communists. The economy of the Manchuria, overtaxed to support Zhang’s adventurism, collapsed in 1927–28.
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|p=Zhōnghuá Mínguó
|p=Zhōnghuá Mínguó
|w=Chung<sup>1</sup>-hua<sup>2</sup> Min<sup>2</sup>-kuo<sup>2</sup>
|w=Chung<sup>1</sup>-hua<sup>2</sup> Min<sup>2</sup>-kuo<sup>2</sup>
}}The term '''Republic of China''' refers to an era of Chinese history that extended from 1912 until 1949. It was preceded by the [[Qing Dynasty|Qing dynasty]] and followed by the People’s Republic.
}}
The term '''Republic of China''' refers to an era of Chinese history that extended from 1912 until 1949. It was preceded by the [[Qing Dynasty|Qing dynasty]] and followed by the [[People's Republic of China|People's Republic]].
Chinese soldiers in Wuhan mutinied against the Qing in October 1911. In a panic, the regent recalled [[Yuan Shikai]], who was supported by the army leaders. Yuan and the revolutionary leaders, including [[Sun Yat-sen]], agreed to end the dynasty and establish a republic.
Sun served briefly as the republic's first president before resigning in favor of Yuan. His faction merged with several other groups to form the Nationalist Party, or KMT. This party gained a majority in the 1913 parliamentary elections. Backed by the army, Yuan assassinated parliamentary leader Song Jiaoren, dissolved the Nationalist Party, and ruled as a dictator. Japan's Twenty-One demands aroused much public opposition. After negotiation, Yuan accepted 13 of these demands. Yuan proclaimed himself emperor in 1915, but later renounced his imperial pretensions in the face of nearly unanimous opposition.
After Yuan died in 1916, central government weakened. By 1919, the army leadership had devolved into three rival factions: Anhui, Zhili, and Fengtian. The Japanese backed the reactionary warlord Zhang Zuolin in Manchuria, leader of the Fengtian clique. He gained control of Beijing in 1926. The economy of the Manchuria, overtaxed to support Zhang’s adventurism, collapsed in 1927–28. The Russians under Stalin backed the Nationalist Party, which was allied with the Communists. The Nationalists established a rival national government in Guangzhou in 1925.
{{Template:History of China}}
{{Template:History of China}}
In the Northern Expedition of 1926-1928, [[Chiang Kai-shek]] led the Nationalists to a surprisingly easy victory over the far larger, but now bankrupt, forces of the Beiyang warlords. Furious with his failure to stop Chiang’s advance, the Japanese murdered Zhang. Chiang also purged the treacherous Communists and married Song Meiling, a Christian woman who would become greatly admired internationally as China’s first lady. The capital was moved to Nanjing in 1928.
In the Northern Expedition of 1926-1928, [[Chiang Kai-shek]] led the Nationalists to a surprisingly easy victory over the far larger, but now bankrupt, forces of the Beiyang warlords. Furious with his failure to stop Chiang’s advance, the Japanese murdered Zhang. Chiang also purged the treacherous Communists and married Song Meiling, a Christian woman who would become greatly admired internationally as China’s first lady. The capital was moved to Nanjing in 1928.