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===Adams and Jefferson===

===Adams and Jefferson===

[[File:John adams.gif|thumb|[[John Adams]]]]

[[File:John adams.gif|thumb|[[John Adams]]]]

Burke was read by the first generation of American conservatives, including [[Alexander Hamilton]], [[John Adams]], and [[John Randolph]]. Hamilton founded the Federalist Party, America's first conservative party, in 1789. The Republicans, a rival pro-French faction led by [[Thomas Jefferson]], emerged in 1793 during the Citizen Genêt affair. In 1796, Adams won the presidency as the Federalist nominee. In the election of 1800, Jefferson defeated Adams in America's first hotly contested presidential election. The Jeffersonian Republicans were classical liberals; The modern-trade-union oriented variety of liberalism did not emerge until the late nineteenth century. Jefferson was actually quite conservative by today's standards, with a focus on limited government. The intensely ideological politicking of 1800 dissipated with the end of the French Revolution. By 1816, the Federalist Party had dissolved altogether. Yet [[James Monroe]], president from 1817 to 1825, freely adopted various Federalist positions regarding tariffs, a national bank, and other issues. The ideological differences that had loomed so large earlier were left behind and an "Era of Good Feelings" dawned.

Burke was read by the first generation of American conservatives, including [[Alexander Hamilton]], [[John Adams]], and [[John Randolph]]. Hamilton founded the Federalist Party, America's first conservative party, in 1789. The Republicans, a rival pro-French faction led by [[Thomas Jefferson]], emerged in 1793 during the Citizen Genêt affair. In 1796, Adams won the presidency as the Federalist nominee. In the election of 1800, Jefferson defeated Adams in America's first hotly contested presidential election. The Jeffersonian Republicans were classical liberals, with a focus on limited government. The modern-trade-union oriented variety of liberalism did not emerge until the late nineteenth century. So Jefferson was actually quite conservative by today's standards. The intensely ideological politicking of 1800 dissipated at the end of the French Revolution. By 1816, the Federalist Party had dissolved altogether. Yet [[James Monroe]], president from 1817 to 1825, freely adopted various Federalist positions regarding tariffs, a national bank, and other issues. The ideological differences that had loomed so large earlier were left behind and an "Era of Good Feelings" dawned.

===Whigs and Democrats===

===Whigs and Democrats===

===McKinley and Bryan===

===McKinley and Bryan===

The rise of labor unions in the late the nineteenth century led to renewed ideological struggle. The founding of the Populist Party in 1891 marks the entrance of modern liberalism into mainstream American politics. This sort of liberalism is an Americanization of the socialist movement that arose in Europe at about this time. It turns the earlier meaning of "liberal," someone who supports freedom, on its head.

The rise of labor unions in the late the nineteenth century led to renewed ideological struggle. The founding of the Populist Party in 1891 marks the entrance of modern class warfare liberalism into mainstream American politics. This sort of liberalism is an Americanization of the socialist movement that arose in Europe at about this time. It turns the earlier meaning of "liberal," someone who supports freedom, on its head.

The Pullman strike of 1894 split the nation into liberal and conservative camps. In the 1896 presidential election, the populists gained control of the Democratic Party and nominated William Jennings Bryan for president. Those Democrats who supported President [[Grover Cleveland]], a conservative icon, fled to the Republican Party. William McKinley, the Republican nominee, won the general election. In this way, the Republican Party became a conservative pro-business party, the party of "sound money and protection." The 1896 election was the first of many in which a pro-union liberal party faced off against a pro-business conservative party.

The Pullman strike of 1894 split the nation into liberal and conservative camps. In the 1896 presidential election, the populists gained control of the Democratic Party and nominated William Jennings Bryan for president. Those Democrats who supported President [[Grover Cleveland]], a conservative icon, fled to the Republican Party. William McKinley, the Republican nominee, won the general election. In this way, the Republican Party became a conservative pro-business party, the party of "sound money and protection." The 1896 election was the first of many in which a pro-union liberal party faced off against a pro-business conservative party.

Schwartz unravelled the origin of the Depression in ''A Monetary History of the United States 1867–1960'' (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963), 282–284, 288.</ref> In 1933, Franklin Roosevelt, the newly elected Democratic president, wisely allowed a banking panic to run its course. A recovery of historic proportions followed. Liberalism and Roosevelt's "New Deal" got the credit, but the deleveraging of the banking system was almost certainly a more significant factor.

Schwartz unravelled the origin of the Depression in ''A Monetary History of the United States 1867–1960'' (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963), 282–284, 288.</ref> In 1933, Franklin Roosevelt, the newly elected Democratic president, wisely allowed a banking panic to run its course. A recovery of historic proportions followed. Liberalism and Roosevelt's "New Deal" got the credit, but the deleveraging of the banking system was almost certainly a more significant factor.

Roosevelt was overwhelmingly reelected in 1936 with a huge Congressional majority. In 1937, America suffered under its most left-wing government ever. There was a wave a labor unrest as the unions attempted to use "sit-down" strikes to gain control of industry. The largest of these strikes was against General Motors in Flint, Michigan. The strikes sent the economy reeling, and there was a "Roosevelt Recession" in 1937-1938. At the end of 1937, the southern Democrats defected from Roosevelt's coalition to form a "Conservative Coalition" with Republicans. The Coalition was at first led by Senator Josiah Bailey of North Carolina, who issued a "[[Conservative Manifesto]]" in December 1937. When a bill to enlarge the U.S. Supreme Court with additional justices nominated by Roosevelt was defeated, the planned "Second New Deal" had to be aborted. Despite Roosevelt's mismanagement of the economy, the Democrats continued to blame Hoover for economic trouble long after the former president had left the political stage. However, the Conservative Coalition continued to dominated Congress until 1961.

Roosevelt was overwhelmingly reelected in 1936 with a huge Congressional majority. In 1937, America suffered under its most left-wing government ever. The trade unions concluded this was their moment. The wave of unrest that followed included an enormous "sit-down" strike against General Motors in Flint, Michigan. The strikes sent the economy reeling, and there was a "Roosevelt Recession" in 1937-1938. At the end of 1937, the southern Democrats defected from Roosevelt's coalition to form a "Conservative Coalition" with Republicans. The Coalition was at first led by Senator Josiah Bailey of North Carolina, who issued a "[[Conservative Manifesto]]" in December 1937. When a bill to enlarge the U.S. Supreme Court with additional justices nominated by Roosevelt was defeated, the planned "Second New Deal" had to be aborted. Despite Roosevelt's mismanagement of the economy, the Democrats continued to blame Hoover for economic trouble long after the former president had left the political stage. However, the Conservative Coalition continued to dominated Congress until 1961.

===The 1940s===

===The 1940s===