Changes

[[Image:Imer.jpg|thumb|right|J. Robert Oppenheimer]]

| image      = Imer.jpg

| nationality =

| spouse      = Katherine "Kitty" Harrison

| religion    =

'''Julius<ref>Although Oppenheimer always insisted that the initial J. in his name stood for "nothing" (Jeremy Bernstein, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=kajvAAAAMAAJ Oppenheimer: Portrait of an Enigma]'' [Ivan R. Dee, 2004] ISBN 1566635691, p. x), his birth certificate identifies him as "Julius Robert Oppenheimer." [[#refPK|Pais, Crease 2006]]: 355</ref> Robert Oppenheimer''' (1904-1967) was an American theoretical physicist and director of the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]], one of four laboratories<ref>The others were the [http://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/fermi.html Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago], under [http://www.aip.org/history/gap/Compton/Compton.html Arthur Compton];[https://web.archive.org/web/20130906064529/http://www.ornl.gov/ornl/news/communications/graphite-reactor Clinton Laboratories at Oak Ridge, Tennessee], under [http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/rev25-34/chapter1.shtml Martin Whitaker]; and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20111023190523/http://www.hanford.gov/page.cfm/WorldWarIIEra Hanford Engineer Works] in Hanford, Washington, under Crawford Greenewalt. S. L. Sanger, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tgjuoe2W4BoC Working on the Bomb: An Oral History of WWII Hanford]'' (Continuing Education Press, 1995) ISBN 0876781156, p. 3. Cf. [http://web.archive.org/web/20100527133244/http://www.energy.gov/media/Manhattan_Project_Map.pdf Manhattan Project Map], United States Department of Energy</ref> involved in the [[Manhattan Project]] to develop the first [[atomic bomb]]. He was also a secret member of the [[Communist Party]].<ref>Alexander Vassiliev, tr. Philip Redko, Yellow notebook #1 (Cold War International History Center, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars), [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/docs/Yellow_Notebook_No._1_Original.pdf orig.], PDF p. 6; [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/docs/Yellow_Notebook_No.1_Translated.pdf trans.], p. 10. Cf. [[#refHaynes08|Haynes 2008]]: 120; [[#refHKV09|Haynes, Klehr, Vassiliev 2009]]: 49</ref>

'''Julius<ref>Although Oppenheimer always insisted that the initial J. in his name stood for "nothing" (Jeremy Bernstein, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=kajvAAAAMAAJ Oppenheimer: Portrait of an Enigma]'' [Ivan R. Dee, 2004] ISBN 1566635691, p. x), his birth certificate identifies him as "Julius Robert Oppenheimer." [[#refPK|Pais, Crease 2006]]: 355</ref> Robert Oppenheimer''' (April 22, 1904 - February 18, 1967) was an American theoretical physicist and director of the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]], one of four laboratories<ref>The others were the [http://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/fermi.html Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago], under [http://www.aip.org/history/gap/Compton/Compton.html Arthur Compton];[https://web.archive.org/web/20130906064529/http://www.ornl.gov/ornl/news/communications/graphite-reactor Clinton Laboratories at Oak Ridge, Tennessee], under [http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/rev25-34/chapter1.shtml Martin Whitaker]; and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20111023190523/http://www.hanford.gov/page.cfm/WorldWarIIEra Hanford Engineer Works] in Hanford, Washington, under Crawford Greenewalt. S. L. Sanger, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tgjuoe2W4BoC Working on the Bomb: An Oral History of WWII Hanford]'' (Continuing Education Press, 1995) ISBN 0876781156, p. 3. Cf. [http://web.archive.org/web/20100527133244/http://www.energy.gov/media/Manhattan_Project_Map.pdf Manhattan Project Map], United States Department of Energy</ref> involved in the [[Manhattan Project]] to develop the first [[atomic bomb]]. He was also a secret member of the [[Communist Party]].<ref>Alexander Vassiliev, tr. Philip Redko, Yellow notebook #1 (Cold War International History Center, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars), [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/docs/Yellow_Notebook_No._1_Original.pdf orig.], PDF p. 6; [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/docs/Yellow_Notebook_No.1_Translated.pdf trans.], p. 10. Cf. [[#refHaynes08|Haynes 2008]]: 120; [[#refHKV09|Haynes, Klehr, Vassiliev 2009]]: 49</ref>

== Early life ==

== Early life ==

Citing “proof of fundamental defects in his ‘character’,” to wit, “his associations with persons known to him to be Communists,” which associations, said the AEC, “have extended far beyond the tolerable limits of prudence and self-restraint which are to be expected of one holding the high positions that the Government has continuously entrusted to him since 1942,” the commission upheld the decision stripping the former chairman of its own GAC<ref>From 1947 to 1952, Oppenheimer had served as chairman of the GAC. [[#refSW95|Smith, Weiner 1995]]: 328</ref> of his security clearance.<ref>[http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/Oppenheimer/OppyAEC2.shtml Decision and Opinions of the United States Atomic Energy Commission in the Matter of Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer], Washington, D.C., June 29, 1954</ref>

Citing “proof of fundamental defects in his ‘character’,” to wit, “his associations with persons known to him to be Communists,” which associations, said the AEC, “have extended far beyond the tolerable limits of prudence and self-restraint which are to be expected of one holding the high positions that the Government has continuously entrusted to him since 1942,” the commission upheld the decision stripping the former chairman of its own GAC<ref>From 1947 to 1952, Oppenheimer had served as chairman of the GAC. [[#refSW95|Smith, Weiner 1995]]: 328</ref> of his security clearance.<ref>[http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/Oppenheimer/OppyAEC2.shtml Decision and Opinions of the United States Atomic Energy Commission in the Matter of Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer], Washington, D.C., June 29, 1954</ref>

==Legacy==

==Death and Legacy==

 

In 1963, President [[Lyndon B. Johnson | Johnson]] reinstated Oppenheimer's clearance, and the AEC awarded him the [[Enrico Fermi]] Award.<ref>[http://dsd.lbl.gov/ImgLib/COLLECTIONS/BERKELEY-LAB/SEABORG-ARCHIVE/index/96B05399.html J. Robert Oppenheimer receiving the AEC Enrico Fermi Award], photograph and description, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</ref>

In 1963, President [[Lyndon B. Johnson | Johnson]] reinstated Oppenheimer's clearance, and the AEC awarded him the [[Enrico Fermi]] Award.<ref>[http://dsd.lbl.gov/ImgLib/COLLECTIONS/BERKELEY-LAB/SEABORG-ARCHIVE/index/96B05399.html J. Robert Oppenheimer receiving the AEC Enrico Fermi Award], photograph and description, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</ref>