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Line 1: − + − − His "[[Atlanta Exposition]]" speech of 1895 appealed to middle class whites across the South, asking them to give blacks a chance to work and develop separately, while implicitly accepting [[Jim Crow]] and promising not to demand the vote. White leaders across the North, from politicians to industrialists, from philanthropists to churchmen, enthusiastically supported Washington, as did most middle class blacks and some white Southernern leaders. Washington built a personal organization, over which he exerted very tight control, that linked like-minded black leaders throughout the nation and in effect spoke for Black America and worked behind the scenes to lessen the impact of segregation. His network fell apart after his death. Meanwhile a more militant northern group, led by [[W. E. B. Du Bois]] and the [[NAACP]] rejected Washington's self-help and demanded political activism, referring to the speech dismissively as "The Atlanta Compromise". The critics were marginalized until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, at which point more radical black leaders rejected Washington's philosophy and demanded federal civil rights laws. + Line 28:
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[[image:bookert.jpg|200px|thumb|Booker T. Washington]]
[[image:bookert.jpg|200px|thumb|Booker T. Washington]]
'''Booker Taliaferro Washington''' (1856-1915) was the most important political and educational leader of the [[African-American]] community 1890-1915. He was the most important black leader of the [[Progressive Era]], and his dedication to [[Efficiency movement|efficiency]] set the goals for the black community. He is most famous for his [[autobiography]], ''Up from Slavery,'' his leadership of black [[conservative]] business and religious leaders, his founding of the [[Tuskeegee Institute]], and his emphasis on self-help and education as the cure for poverty and the second class status of blacks in America.
'''Booker Taliaferro Washington''' (1856-1915) was the most important political and educational leader of the [[African-American]] community 1890-1915. He was the most important black leader of the [[Progressive Era]], and his dedication to [[Efficiency movement|efficiency]] set the goals for the black community. He is most famous for his [[autobiography]], ''Up from Slavery,'' his leadership of black [[conservative]] business and religious leaders, his founding of the [[Tuskegee Institute]], and his emphasis on self-help and education as the cure for poverty and the second class status of blacks in America.
His "[[Atlanta Exposition]]" speech of 1895 appealed to middle class whites across the South, asking them to give blacks a chance to work and develop separately, while implicitly accepting [[Jim Crow]] and promising not to demand the vote. White leaders across the North, from politicians to industrialists, from philanthropists to churchmen, enthusiastically supported Washington, as did most middle class blacks and some white Southernern leaders. Washington built a personal organization, over which he exerted very tight control, that linked like-minded black leaders throughout the nation and in effect spoke for Black America and worked behind the scenes to lessen the impact of segregation. His network fell apart after his death. Meanwhile a more militant northern group, led by [[W.E.B. DuBois]] and the [[NAACP]] rejected Washington's self-help and demanded political activism, referring to the speech dismissively as "The Atlanta Compromise". The critics were marginalized until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, at which point more radical black leaders rejected Washington's philosophy and demanded federal civil rights laws.
Washington is held in high regard by conservatives, both white and black. As C. Vann Woodward concluded, "The businessman's gospel of [[Free Enterprise|free enterprise]], competition, and [[laissez faire]] never had a more loyal exponent."<ref>C. Vann Woodward, ''The Origins of the New South, 1877-1913'' (1951) p. 366</REF>
Washington is held in high regard by conservatives, both white and black. As C. Vann Woodward concluded, "The businessman's gospel of [[Free Enterprise|free enterprise]], competition, and [[laissez faire]] never had a more loyal exponent."<ref>C. Vann Woodward, ''The Origins of the New South, 1877-1913'' (1951) p. 366</REF>
:Education and work are the levers to uplift a people. Work alone will not do it unless inspired by the right ideals and guided by intelligence. Education must not simply teach work - it must teach Life. The Talented Tenth of the Negro race must be made leaders of thought and missionaries of culture among their people. No others can do this work and Negro colleges must train men for it. The Negro race, like all other races, is going to be saved by its exceptional men. [http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=174]
:Education and work are the levers to uplift a people. Work alone will not do it unless inspired by the right ideals and guided by intelligence. Education must not simply teach work - it must teach Life. The Talented Tenth of the Negro race must be made leaders of thought and missionaries of culture among their people. No others can do this work and Negro colleges must train men for it. The Negro race, like all other races, is going to be saved by its exceptional men. [http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=174]
Both sides sought to define the best means to improve the conditions of the post-Civil War African-American community. While not publicly attacking [[Jim Crow laws]], Washington privately contributed funds for legal challenges against legal segregation and disfranchisement, such as his secret support in the case of ''[[Giles v. Harris]]'', which went before the United States Supreme Court in 1903.<ref> Harlan (1971) </ref>.
Both sides sought to define the best means to improve the conditions of the post-Civil War African-American community. While not publicly attacking [[Jim Crow Laws]], Washington privately contributed funds for legal challenges against legal segregation and disfranchisement, such as his secret support in the case of ''[[Giles v. Harris]]'', which went before the United States Supreme Court in 1903.<ref> Harlan (1971) </ref>.
==Money for schools==
==Money for schools==