Changes

==Education==

==Education==

There are over 20 universities and colleges. Kyoto University, founded 1897, has become one of Japan's leading universities; Ritsumeikan University was founded in 1900.  Doshisha University was founded as a Christian college in 1875 by Niijima Jo, who was educated in New England and grafted Christianity onto traditional samurai morality. Niijima taught the superiority of the West and shaped the distinctiveness of the school by stressing the necessity of replacing the old morality with Christianity. By 1900, however, Doshisha no longer played a different role from other institutes of higher learning.<ref> Keiichiro Yoshinaga, "Fields of Faith: The Struggle of Niijima Jo."  PhD dissertation Columbia U. 1998. 252 pp.  DAI 1999 59(7): 2399-A. DA9839032  Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]</ref>

There are over 20 universities and colleges. Kyoto University, founded 1897, has become one of Japan's leading universities; Ritsumeikan University was founded in 1900.  Doshisha University was founded as a Christian college in 1875 by Niijima Jo, who was educated in New England and grafted Christianity onto traditional samurai morality. Niijima taught the superiority of the West and shaped the distinctiveness of the school by stressing the necessity of replacing the old morality with Christianity. By 1900, however, Doshisha no longer played a different role from other institutes of higher learning.<ref>Keiichiro Yoshinaga, "Fields of Faith: The Struggle of Niijima Jo."  PhD dissertation Columbia U. 1998. 252 pp.  DAI 1999 59(7): 2399-A. DA9839032  Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]</ref>

==Culture==

==Culture==

[[Image:Kyoto - The Golden Temple.jpg|300px|thumb|The famous Golden Temple]]

[[Image:Kyoto - The Golden Temple.jpg|300px|thumb|The famous Golden Temple]]

The Kokuga Society, 1918-1928, was formed by artists Tsuchida Bakusen (1887-1936), Ono Chikkyô (1889-1979), Sakakibara Shihô (1887-1971), Murakami Kagaku (1888-1939) and Nonagase Banka (1889-1964). The goal was to foster reform of traditional painting by showcasing art that celebrated creativity, individuality, and self-expression, in order to encourage an alternative aesthetic to that associated with the Bunten, the dominant, government-organized exhibition series.<ref> John Donald Szostak, "The `Kokuga Sôsaku Kyôkai' and Kyoto Nihonga Reform in the Meiji, Taishô and Early Shôwa Years (1900-1928)."  PhD dissertation U. of Washington 2005. 656 pp.  DAI 2006 66(7): 2419-A. DA3183429  Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]</ref>

The Kokuga Society, 1918-1928, was formed by artists Tsuchida Bakusen (1887-1936), Ono Chikkyô (1889-1979), Sakakibara Shihô (1887-1971), Murakami Kagaku (1888-1939) and Nonagase Banka (1889-1964). The goal was to foster reform of traditional painting by showcasing art that celebrated creativity, individuality, and self-expression, in order to encourage an alternative aesthetic to that associated with the Bunten, the dominant, government-organized exhibition series.<ref>John Donald Szostak, "The `Kokuga Sôsaku Kyôkai' and Kyoto Nihonga Reform in the Meiji, Taishô and Early Shôwa Years (1900-1928)."  PhD dissertation U. of Washington 2005. 656 pp.  DAI 2006 66(7): 2419-A. DA3183429  Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]</ref>

==History==

==History==

After the Meiji Restoration, Kyoto Prefecture established relief institutions in the city of Kyoto to help preserve public order, funding them by levying a tax on tea houses and entertainers.  It established primary schools in each district group (Cho-gumi).  

After the Meiji Restoration, Kyoto Prefecture established relief institutions in the city of Kyoto to help preserve public order, funding them by levying a tax on tea houses and entertainers.  It established primary schools in each district group (Cho-gumi).  

The "Kyoto School" a movement in political philosophy was developed 1913-45 by Nishida Kitaro (1870-1945) of Kyoto University and Tanabe Hajime (1885-1962). It called for Japanese econoic, political and spiritual supremacy in Asia.<ref> Christopher S. Goto-Jones, ''Political Philosophy in Japan: Nishida, the Kyoto School, and Co-prosperity'' (2005); David Williams, ''Defending Japan's Pacific War: The Kyoto School Philosophers and Post-White Power'' (2004) [http://www.questia.com/read/108228494?title=Defending%20Japan's%20Pacific%20War%3a%20%20The%20Kyoto%20School%20Philosophers%20and%20Post-White%20Power online edition]; David Williams, "In Defence of the Kyoto School: Reflections on Philosophy, the Pacific War and the Making of a Post-white World." ''Japan Forum'' 2000 12(2): 143-156. Issn: 0955-5803 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]] </ref>

The "Kyoto School" a movement in political philosophy was developed 1913-45 by Nishida Kitaro (1870-1945) of Kyoto University and Tanabe Hajime (1885-1962). It called for Japanese econoic, political and spiritual supremacy in Asia.<ref>Christopher S. Goto-Jones, ''Political Philosophy in Japan: Nishida, the Kyoto School, and Co-prosperity'' (2005); David Williams, ''Defending Japan's Pacific War: The Kyoto School Philosophers and Post-White Power'' (2004) [http://www.questia.com/read/108228494?title=Defending%20Japan's%20Pacific%20War%3a%20%20The%20Kyoto%20School%20Philosophers%20and%20Post-White%20Power online edition]; David Williams, "In Defence of the Kyoto School: Reflections on Philosophy, the Pacific War and the Making of a Post-white World." ''Japan Forum'' 2000 12(2): 143-156. Issn: 0955-5803 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]</ref>

Kyoto was the only major Japanese city not bombed in World War II; it was put off-limits by Secretary of War [[Henry Stimson]], who appreciated its cultural importance.

Kyoto was the only major Japanese city not bombed in World War II; it was put off-limits by Secretary of War [[Henry Stimson]], who appreciated its cultural importance.

==Important places==

==Important places==

[[Image:Kyoto Celebrates a 1000 Year Love Affair.jpg|thumb|A purification ceremony with period costumes at the Jonengu shrine.]]

[[Image:Kyoto Celebrates a 1000 Year Love Affair.jpg|thumb|A purification ceremony with period costumes at the Jonengu shrine.]]

*Kiomizudera, a famouse 40-foot platform <br/>

*Kiomizudera, a famouse 40-foot platform  

*Ryuan-Ji, the Temple of the famous rock garden<br/>

*Ryuan-Ji, the Temple of the famous rock garden

*Kinkaku-Ji the temple of Gold<br/>

*Kinkaku-Ji the temple of Gold

*Ginkaku-Ji, the temple of modesty<br/>

*Ginkaku-Ji, the temple of modesty

*Kamigamo JInja, the shrine of lightning  [http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2158.html]

*Kamigamo JInja, the shrine of lightning  [http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2158.html]

{{Clear}}

{{Clear}}

===History===

===History===

* Berry, Mary Elizabeth.  ''The Culture of Civil War in Kyoto.'' (1994). 373  

* Berry, Mary Elizabeth.  ''The Culture of Civil War in Kyoto.'' (1994). 373  

* Berry, Mary Elizabeth. "Restoring the Past: the Documents of Hideyoshi's Magistrate in Kyoto." ''Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies'' 1983 43(1): 57-95. Issn: 0073-0548  [http://www.jstor.org/pss/2719018 in Jstor]]

* Berry, Mary Elizabeth. "Restoring the Past: the Documents of Hideyoshi's Magistrate in Kyoto." ''Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies'' 1983 43(1): 57-95. Issn: 0073-0548  [http://www.jstor.org/pss/2719018 in Jstor]

* Dougill, John. ''Kyoto: A Cultural History'' (2006) [http://www.amazon.com/Kyoto-Cultural-Cityscapes-John-Dougill/dp/0195301382/ref=pd_bbs_sr_9?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1207565308&sr=8-9 excerpt and text search]  

* Dougill, John. ''Kyoto: A Cultural History'' (2006) [http://www.amazon.com/Kyoto-Cultural-Cityscapes-John-Dougill/dp/0195301382/ref=pd_bbs_sr_9?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1207565308&sr=8-9 excerpt and text search]  

* Fiévé, Nicolas and Paul Waley, eds. ''Japanese capitals in historical perspective: place, power and memory in Kyoto, Edo and Tokyo'' (2003)

* Fiévé, Nicolas and Paul Waley, eds. ''Japanese capitals in historical perspective: place, power and memory in Kyoto, Edo and Tokyo'' (2003)

* Nagata, Mary Louise. "Headship and Succession in Early Modern Kyoto: the Role of Women." ''Continuity and Change'' 2004 19(1): 73-104. Issn: 0268-4160 Fulltext: [[Cambridge UP]]

* Nagata, Mary Louise. "Headship and Succession in Early Modern Kyoto: the Role of Women." ''Continuity and Change'' 2004 19(1): 73-104. Issn: 0268-4160 Fulltext: [[Cambridge UP]]

* Paine, Robert Treat, and Alexander Soper. ''The Art and Architecture of Japan.'' (1955) [http://www.questia.com/read/678276?title=The%20Art%20and%20Architecture%20of%20Japan online edition].

* Paine, Robert Treat, and Alexander Soper. ''The Art and Architecture of Japan.'' (1955) [http://www.questia.com/read/678276?title=The%20Art%20and%20Architecture%20of%20Japan online edition].

* Ropke, Ian Martin. ''Historical Dictionary of Osaka and Kyoto.'' (1999) 285 pp. Isbn 0-8108-3622-x.

* Ropke, Ian Martin. ''Historical Dictionary of Osaka and Kyoto.'' (1999) 285 pp.&nbsp;Isbn 0-8108-3622-x.

===Primary sources===

===Primary sources===