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=='''Closed system (Physics)'''==

==Closed system (Physics)==

A '''closed system''' in [[Physics]] is a [[physical]] [[system]] that does not exchange [[matter]] with its surroundings, but may exchange [[energy]].

A '''closed system''' in [[Physics]] is a [[physical]] [[system]] that does not exchange [[matter]] with its surroundings, but may exchange [[energy]].

=='''Closed system (Biology)'''==

==Closed system (Biology)==

A '''closed system''' in [[Biology]] may refer to:

A '''closed system''' in [[Biology]] may refer to:

*A system of cyclic information-controlled processes observed in living cells such as [[Gene|Translation]]-[[DNA replication|Replication]]-[[Transcription]]. W.Gitt infers from simplified representation of such cyclic process that it must have been complete right from the start and could not have [[origin science|originated]] in a continuous process.<ref>{{cite book |author=Werner Gitt |title=In the beginning was information: A Scientist Explains the Incredible Design in Nature |publisher=Master Books |year=2007 |pages=97 |isbn=978-0890-514610 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nHuR3_9V03IC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Werner+Gitt+In+the+beginning&hl=sk&sa=X&ei=zLX_UrayL4f14QT04YDICg&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=cyclic&f=false}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|cf. ''"What makes the origin of life and of the genetic code a disturbing riddle is this: the genetic code is without any biological function unless it is translated; that is, unless it leads to the synthesis of the proteins whose structure is laid down by the code. But … the machinery by which the cell (at least the non-primitive cell, which is the only one we know) translates the code consists of at least fifty macromolecular components which are themselves coded in the DNA. Thus the code can not be translated except by using certain products of its translation. This constitutes a baffling circle; a really vicious circle, it seems, for any attempt to form a model or theory of the genesis of the genetic code."''<ref>{{cite book |author=F. J. Ayala, T. G. Dobzhansky |title=Studies in the Philosophy of Biology: Reduction and Related Problems |pages=270 |publisher=University of California Press |year=1974 |url=http://books.google.no/books?id=NMAf65cDmAQC&pg=PA259&dq=Popper+Scientific+reduction+and+the+essential+incompleteness+of+all+science&hl=sk&sa=X&ei=o63_UtTzH6Sr4ASp94GABg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=disturbing%20riddle&f=false}}</ref>|group=note}}  

*A system of cyclic information-controlled processes observed in living cells such as [[Gene|Translation]]-[[DNA replication|Replication]]-[[Transcription]]. W.Gitt infers from simplified representation of such cyclic process that it must have been complete right from the start and could not have [[origin science|originated]] in a continuous process.<ref>{{cite book |author=Werner Gitt |title=In the beginning was information: A Scientist Explains the Incredible Design in Nature |publisher=Master Books |year=2007 |pages=97 |isbn=978-0890-514610 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nHuR3_9V03IC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Werner+Gitt+In+the+beginning&hl=sk&sa=X&ei=zLX_UrayL4f14QT04YDICg&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=cyclic&f=false}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|cf. ''"What makes the origin of life and of the genetic code a disturbing riddle is this: the genetic code is without any biological function unless it is translated; that is, unless it leads to the synthesis of the proteins whose structure is laid down by the code. But … the machinery by which the cell (at least the non-primitive cell, which is the only one we know) translates the code consists of at least fifty macromolecular components which are themselves coded in the DNA. Thus the code can not be translated except by using certain products of its translation. This constitutes a baffling circle; a really vicious circle, it seems, for any attempt to form a model or theory of the genesis of the genetic code."''<ref>{{cite book |author=F. J. Ayala, T. G. Dobzhansky |title=Studies in the Philosophy of Biology: Reduction and Related Problems |pages=270 |publisher=University of California Press |year=1974 |url=http://books.google.no/books?id=NMAf65cDmAQC&pg=PA259&dq=Popper+Scientific+reduction+and+the+essential+incompleteness+of+all+science&hl=sk&sa=X&ei=o63_UtTzH6Sr4ASp94GABg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=disturbing%20riddle&f=false}}</ref>|group=note}}  

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==See Also==

==See also==

*[[Isolated system]]

*[[Isolated system]]

[[Category:physics]]

[[Category:Physics]]