Changes

==19th century==

==19th century==

[[File:Budapest Parliament Hungary.jpg|thumb|220px|left|Parliament, Budapest.]]

[[File:Budapest Parliament Hungary.jpg|thumb|220px|left|Parliament, Budapest.]]

Hungary's parliamentary oligarchy of noble landowners consisted of the magnates, with life memberships in the Upper House, and the gentry, whose more affluent minority dominated the Lower House and, after 1830, parliamentary life. The tension between "crown" (the German-speaking [[Habsburgs]] in Vienna) and "country" remained a constant political fixture as the Compromise of 1867 enabled the Magyar nobility to run the country but left the Emperor with much leverage in maintaining governments. A complex interaction or conflict between magnates and gentry appeared regarding agricultural protection against cheap imports (1870s), the Church-state problem (1890s), and the "constitutional crisis" (1900s). Though gentry politicians exerted leadership during much of the period, they gradually lost their footing in the counties and derived power increasingly from office-holding rather than landownership. Leaning on the state apparatus for support, they came to depend on the dualist status quo.<Ref> László Péter, "The Aristocracy, the Gentry and their Parliamentary Tradition in Nineteenth-Century Hungary." ''Slavonic and East European Review'' 1992 70(1): 77-110. </Ref>  

Hungary's parliamentary oligarchy of noble landowners consisted of the magnates, with life memberships in the Upper House, and the gentry, whose more affluent minority dominated the Lower House and, after 1830, parliamentary life. The tension between "crown" (the German-speaking [[Habsburgs]] in Vienna) and "country" remained a constant political fixture as the Compromise of 1867 enabled the Magyar nobility to run the country but left the Emperor with much leverage in maintaining governments. A complex interaction or conflict between magnates and gentry appeared regarding agricultural protection against cheap imports (1870s), the Church-state problem (1890s), and the "constitutional crisis" (1900s). Though gentry politicians exerted leadership during much of the period, they gradually lost their footing in the counties and derived power increasingly from office-holding rather than landownership. Leaning on the state apparatus for support, they came to depend on the dualist status quo.<ref>László Péter, "The Aristocracy, the Gentry and their Parliamentary Tradition in Nineteenth-Century Hungary." ''Slavonic and East European Review'' 1992 70(1): 77-110.</ref>  

The need for education in the Magyar language united Catholic and Protestant Hungarians against continued instruction in Latin. In the 1832-36 Diet the conflict between Catholic laymen and clergy sharpened considerably and a mixed commission was established, the findings of which offered the Protestants certain limited concessions. The basic issue of this religious and educational struggle was how to promote the Magyar tongue and Magyar mationalism and independence from Austria.  

The need for education in the Magyar language united Catholic and Protestant Hungarians against continued instruction in Latin. In the 1832-36 Diet the conflict between Catholic laymen and clergy sharpened considerably and a mixed commission was established, the findings of which offered the Protestants certain limited concessions. The basic issue of this religious and educational struggle was how to promote the Magyar tongue and Magyar mationalism and independence from Austria.  

===1848===

===1848===

The failed revolution of 1848 was an uprising against the Habsburgs.  It failed because of the intervention of the [[History_of_Russia|Russian Tzar Nicholas I]]. In the end the Habsburgs easily restored their domination in East Central Europe.

The failed revolution of 1848 was an uprising against the Habsburgs.  It failed because of the intervention of the [[History of Russia|Russian Tzar Nicholas I]]. In the end the Habsburgs easily restored their domination in East Central Europe.

==1914 to 1939==

==1914 to 1939==

<references/>

<references/>

[[category:European History]]

[[Category:European History]]

[[category:Medieval History]]

[[Category:Medieval History]]

[[category:Central Europe]]

[[Category:Central Europe]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hungary, History}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hungary, History}}