Changes

When [[Vice President]] [[Henry Wallace]] visited China in June 1944, he was given a 68-page briefing, officially written by Service, although Service would later admit he actually co-wrote it with the Soviet agent [[Solomon Adler]].<ref>M. Stanton Evans, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tQt3AAAAMAAJ Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies]'' (New York: Crown Forum, 2007) ISBN 978-1-4000-8105-9, p. 105, fn. Cf. "I worked on the translation and also provided some of the material and assisted in drafting the memorandum of comment on the book. However, the major part of the comment and the summary was done by Mr. Adler." [http://ia341005.us.archive.org/2/items/statedepartmente195002unit/statedepartmente195002unit_bw.pdf Report of the United States Senate Subcommittee on the Investigation of Loyalty of State Department Employees, 1950, Vol. 2], appendix, p. 2456 (PDF p. 980)</ref> Service and his Soviet agent roommate Adler wrote that the Communists were doing most of the fighting against the Japanese, while the Nationalists were sitting out the war or actually collaborating.<ref>Edward M. Collins, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=YRa3Y2m_wrwC Myth, Manifesto, Meltdown: Communist Strategy, 1848-1991]'' (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger/Greenwood, 1998) ISBN 0275959384, p. 93</ref> For example, Adler reported (attributing information to Service): "The Communists have successfully resisted the Japanese for seven years... with no active support from Chungking."<ref>M. Stanton Evans, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tQt3AAAAMAAJ&pgis=1 Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies]'' (New York: Crown Forum, 2007) ISBN 978-1-4000-8105-9, pp. 99-106</ref> In contrast, General Albert Wedemeyer, [http://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/20/obituaries/gen-albert-c-wedemeyer-92-noted-military-planner-for-us.html commander of American forces in China] reported: "No Communist Chinese forces fought in any major battles of the Sino-Japanese war.... Chinese Communist leaders were not interested in fighting the Japanese," he wrote; "their main interest was to occupy the territory which the Nationalist forces evacuated in their retreat."<ref>Albert C. Wedemeyer, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=64s_HgAACAAJ Wedemeyer Reports]'' (Holt, 1958), p. 285</ref>

When [[Vice President]] [[Henry Wallace]] visited China in June 1944, he was given a 68-page briefing, officially written by Service, although Service would later admit he actually co-wrote it with the Soviet agent [[Solomon Adler]].<ref>M. Stanton Evans, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tQt3AAAAMAAJ Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies]'' (New York: Crown Forum, 2007) ISBN 978-1-4000-8105-9, p. 105, fn. Cf. "I worked on the translation and also provided some of the material and assisted in drafting the memorandum of comment on the book. However, the major part of the comment and the summary was done by Mr. Adler." [http://ia341005.us.archive.org/2/items/statedepartmente195002unit/statedepartmente195002unit_bw.pdf Report of the United States Senate Subcommittee on the Investigation of Loyalty of State Department Employees, 1950, Vol. 2], appendix, p. 2456 (PDF p. 980)</ref> Service and his Soviet agent roommate Adler wrote that the Communists were doing most of the fighting against the Japanese, while the Nationalists were sitting out the war or actually collaborating.<ref>Edward M. Collins, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=YRa3Y2m_wrwC Myth, Manifesto, Meltdown: Communist Strategy, 1848-1991]'' (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger/Greenwood, 1998) ISBN 0275959384, p. 93</ref> For example, Adler reported (attributing information to Service): "The Communists have successfully resisted the Japanese for seven years... with no active support from Chungking."<ref>M. Stanton Evans, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tQt3AAAAMAAJ&pgis=1 Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies]'' (New York: Crown Forum, 2007) ISBN 978-1-4000-8105-9, pp. 99-106</ref> In contrast, General Albert Wedemeyer, [http://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/20/obituaries/gen-albert-c-wedemeyer-92-noted-military-planner-for-us.html commander of American forces in China] reported: "No Communist Chinese forces fought in any major battles of the Sino-Japanese war.... Chinese Communist leaders were not interested in fighting the Japanese," he wrote; "their main interest was to occupy the territory which the Nationalist forces evacuated in their retreat."<ref>Albert C. Wedemeyer, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=64s_HgAACAAJ Wedemeyer Reports]'' (Holt, 1958), p. 285</ref>

"[T]he war was to [Mao] an opportunity to have Chiang destroyed by the Japanese," agreed Jung Chang, a former member of Mao's Red Guards. "He ordered Red commanders to wait for Japanese troops to defeat the Nationalists, and then, to seize territories below the Japanese line."<ref>Jung Chang, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=3EZwAAAAMAAJ Mao: The Unknown Story]'' (Jonathan Cape, 2005) ISBN 0-224-07126-2, p. 211</ref> As Mao put it, “Our determined policy is 70 percent self-development, 20 percent compromise, and 10 percent fight the Japanese.”<ref>Subcommittee No. 5: National and International Movements, Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, United States 80th Congress, 2d session, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WVxbAAAAcAAJ The Strategy and Tactics of World Communism: Report] Document no. 619. (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1948), p. 24. Cf. Edward M. Collins, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YRa3Y2m_wrwC Myth, Manifesto, Meltdown: Communist Strategy, 1848-1991]'' (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998) ISBN 0275959384, p. 60</ref> In July-August 1943, 20,000 Chinese troops were wiped out at Shantung when attacked simultaneously by the Japanese from the north and the Communist rebels from the south.<ref>Robert Henry Winborne Welch, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=V_i2OwAACAAJ Again, May God Forgive Us]'' (Belmont, Wash.: Belmont Pub. Co., 1971), cited in James Perloff, "[http://www.thenewamerican.com/index.php/history/world/1464 China Betrayed Into Communism]," ''The New American,'' July 24, 2009; cf. Felix Wittmer, ''[http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/6315/yaltabet.html The Yalta Betrayal: Data on the Decline and Fall of Franklin Delano Roosevelt]'' (Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers, 1961) p. 37</ref> Indeed, in May 1945, an [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS) team code-named "Spaniel" that parachuted into China to link up with Communist forces was instead taken prisoner by the Communists, whom they found coexisting with Japanese troops. The Americans were held incommunicado until October, some two months after the end of the war. When finally freed, they reported, "The amount of actual fighting being carried on by the 8th R.A. [the “Eighth Route Army,” i.e., Communist Chinese rebels] has been grossly exaggerated. It was their policy to undertake no serious campaign against the Japanese..."<ref>Maochun Yu, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=NJcolGHWfzoC OSS in China]'' (Yale University Press, 1997) ISBN 0300066988, pp. 220-223</ref> Even so [http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=H-Diplo&month=0508&week=b&msg=TnHrvJBDZ3%2buWcV2D1Mwgw&user=&pw= ardent a pro-Communist] as Theodore White<ref>[[Edward C. Carter|Edward Carter]], head of the [[Attorney General's list|Communist front]] [[American Russian Institute]] confided to White&mdash;in the midst of the [[Nazi-Soviet pact]]&mdash;"A trusted member of the [[Institute of Pacific Relations|IPR]] staff is about to take a journey on my behalf to certain countries that are not too popular at the moment in [[Wall Street]] or in [[Jewish]] circles." (Edward C. Carter to Theodore H. White, January 8, 1940 [FBI file: [http://education-research.org/PDFs/IPR54.11.pdf Institute of Pacific Relations, Vol. 54, Sec. 11], PDF p. 120])</ref> would have to admit, "The Communists...claimed that they held down most of the Japanese troops in China and that they bore the main weight of resistance; this was untrue." In fact, wrote White, "it was the weary soldiers of the Central Government who bore the shock, gnawed at the enemy, and died."<ref>Theodore Harold White, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=ipdPd6kY7XwC Thunder out of China]'' [Da Capo Press, 1980] ISBN 0306801280, p. 210)</ref>

"[T]he war was to [Mao] an opportunity to have Chiang destroyed by the Japanese," agreed Jung Chang, a former member of Mao's Red Guards. "He ordered Red commanders to wait for Japanese troops to defeat the Nationalists, and then, to seize territories below the Japanese line."<ref>Jung Chang, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=3EZwAAAAMAAJ Mao: The Unknown Story]'' (Jonathan Cape, 2005) ISBN 0-224-07126-2, p. 211</ref> As Mao put it, “Our determined policy is 70 percent self-development, 20 percent compromise, and 10 percent fight the Japanese.”<ref>Subcommittee No. 5: National and International Movements, Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, United States 80th Congress, 2d session, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WVxbAAAAcAAJ The Strategy and Tactics of World Communism: Report] Document no. 619. (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1948), p. 24. Cf. Edward M. Collins, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YRa3Y2m_wrwC Myth, Manifesto, Meltdown: Communist Strategy, 1848-1991]'' (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998) ISBN 0275959384, p. 60</ref> In July–August 1943, 20,000 Chinese troops were wiped out at Shantung when attacked simultaneously by the Japanese from the north and the Communist rebels from the south.<ref>Robert Henry Winborne Welch, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=V_i2OwAACAAJ Again, May God Forgive Us]'' (Belmont, Wash.: Belmont Pub. Co., 1971), cited in James Perloff, "[http://www.thenewamerican.com/index.php/history/world/1464 China Betrayed Into Communism]," ''The New American,'' July 24, 2009; cf. Felix Wittmer, ''[http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/6315/yaltabet.html The Yalta Betrayal: Data on the Decline and Fall of Franklin Delano Roosevelt]'' (Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers, 1961) p. 37</ref> Indeed, in May 1945, an [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS) team code-named "Spaniel" that parachuted into China to link up with Communist forces was instead taken prisoner by the Communists, whom they found coexisting with Japanese troops. The Americans were held incommunicado until October, some two months after the end of the war. When finally freed, they reported, "The amount of actual fighting being carried on by the 8th R.A. [the “Eighth Route Army,” i.e., Communist Chinese rebels] has been grossly exaggerated. It was their policy to undertake no serious campaign against the Japanese..."<ref>Maochun Yu, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=NJcolGHWfzoC OSS in China]'' (Yale University Press, 1997) ISBN 0300066988, pp. 220-223</ref> Even so [http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=H-Diplo&month=0508&week=b&msg=TnHrvJBDZ3%2buWcV2D1Mwgw&user=&pw= ardent a pro-Communist] as Theodore White<ref>[[Edward C. Carter|Edward Carter]], head of the [[Attorney General's list|Communist front]] [[American Russian Institute]] confided to White&mdash;in the midst of the [[Nazi-Soviet pact]]&mdash;"A trusted member of the [[Institute of Pacific Relations|IPR]] staff is about to take a journey on my behalf to certain countries that are not too popular at the moment in [[Wall Street]] or in [[Jewish]] circles." (Edward C. Carter to Theodore H. White, January 8, 1940 [FBI file: [http://education-research.org/PDFs/IPR54.11.pdf Institute of Pacific Relations, Vol. 54, Sec. 11], PDF p. 120])</ref> would have to admit, "The Communists...claimed that they held down most of the Japanese troops in China and that they bore the main weight of resistance; this was untrue." In fact, wrote White, "it was the weary soldiers of the Central Government who bore the shock, gnawed at the enemy, and died."<ref>Theodore Harold White, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=ipdPd6kY7XwC Thunder out of China]'' [Da Capo Press, 1980] ISBN 0306801280, p. 210)</ref>

On July 30, 1944 Service wrote, "...the [[Communist]]s base their policy toward the [[Kuomintang]] on a real desire for democracy in [[China]] under which there can be orderly [[economic]] growth through a stage of private enterprise to eventual [[socialism]] without the need of [[violent]] social upheaval and [[revolution]]." <ref>E. J. Kahn, Jr., ''The China Hands: America's Foreign Service Officers and What Befell Them'', New York, 1972, pg. 118</ref> On June 6, 1945, he wrote to [[John Carter Vincent]], Chief of the State Department's Division of Chinese Affairs, that the Chinese Communists had a "moderate policy of preserving the interests of the middle class, including landlords and private business, and protection of the institution of private property and capitalism," and that "it is unnecessary and not likely for them to turn toward radicalism," concluding that "Kuomintang-Communist reconciliation seems more than ever to depend on Kuomintang concessions."<ref>Excerpts from Memorandum by Mr. John S. Service to the Chief of the Division of Chinese Affairs (John Carter Vincent), Washington, June 6, 1945, [http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=918 The Grand Alliance and the Future of China, 1945], TeachingHistory.org</ref>

On July 30, 1944 Service wrote, "...the [[Communist]]s base their policy toward the [[Kuomintang]] on a real desire for democracy in [[China]] under which there can be orderly [[economic]] growth through a stage of private enterprise to eventual [[socialism]] without the need of [[violent]] social upheaval and [[revolution]]." <ref>E. J. Kahn, Jr., ''The China Hands: America's Foreign Service Officers and What Befell Them'', New York, 1972, pg. 118</ref> On June 6, 1945, he wrote to [[John Carter Vincent]], Chief of the State Department's Division of Chinese Affairs, that the Chinese Communists had a "moderate policy of preserving the interests of the middle class, including landlords and private business, and protection of the institution of private property and capitalism," and that "it is unnecessary and not likely for them to turn toward radicalism," concluding that "Kuomintang-Communist reconciliation seems more than ever to depend on Kuomintang concessions."<ref>Excerpts from Memorandum by Mr. John S. Service to the Chief of the Division of Chinese Affairs (John Carter Vincent), Washington, June 6, 1945, [http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=918 The Grand Alliance and the Future of China, 1945], TeachingHistory.org</ref>

[[OSS]] investigators broke into in the offices of ''[[Amerasia]]'', finding hundreds of government documents, many labeled "secret," "top secret," or "confidential."<ref>Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tfrTpBLdl50C The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism]'' (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996) ISBN 0-8078-2245-0, p. 131</ref> Among the papers seized were "a hundred-odd items from the pen of John Stewart Service";<ref>Henry M. Adams, "[http://www.mmisi.org/ma/14_3-4/adams2.pdf The Betrayal of Asia]," ''Modern Age'', Vol. 14, Nos. 3-4 (Summer-Fall 1970), pp. 338-340</ref> Service was arrested as a suspect. In the wake of the arrests, the Soviet agent [[Lauchlin Currie|Currie]] told New Deal "fixer" [[Thomas Corcoran]] he wanted the charges against Service dropped.<ref>Herbert Romerstein and Eric Breindel, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=mVpWH51F7toC The Venona Secrets: Exposing Soviet Espionage and America's Traitors]'' (Regnery Publishing, 2001) ISBN 0895262258, p. 168</ref> An FBI wire tap then caught "[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1316/is_v19/ai_4696995/ Tommy the Cork]"<ref>David McKean, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=RlV3AAAAMAAJ Tommy the Cork: Washington's Ultimate Insider from Roosevelt to Reagan]'' (Steerforth Press, 2004) ISBN 1586420682</ref> trying to "throw a monkey wrench into the ''Amerasia'' prosecution"<ref>Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tfrTpBLdl50C The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism]'' (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996) ISBN 0-8078-2245-0, p. 112</ref> in the form of a "political fix."<ref>Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tfrTpBLdl50C The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism]'' (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996) ISBN 0-8078-2245-0, p. 125</ref> One FBI memorandum, under the heading "Political Manipulations," citing "technical surveillance on the offices of Thomas J. Corcoran," reported:

[[OSS]] investigators broke into in the offices of ''[[Amerasia]]'', finding hundreds of government documents, many labeled "secret," "top secret," or "confidential."<ref>Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tfrTpBLdl50C The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism]'' (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996) ISBN 0-8078-2245-0, p. 131</ref> Among the papers seized were "a hundred-odd items from the pen of John Stewart Service";<ref>Henry M. Adams, "[http://www.mmisi.org/ma/14_3-4/adams2.pdf The Betrayal of Asia]," ''Modern Age'', Vol. 14, Nos. 3-4 (Summer-Fall 1970), pp. 338-340</ref> Service was arrested as a suspect. In the wake of the arrests, the Soviet agent [[Lauchlin Currie|Currie]] told New Deal "fixer" [[Thomas Corcoran]] he wanted the charges against Service dropped.<ref>Herbert Romerstein and Eric Breindel, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=mVpWH51F7toC The Venona Secrets: Exposing Soviet Espionage and America's Traitors]'' (Regnery Publishing, 2001) ISBN 0895262258, p. 168</ref> An FBI wire tap then caught "[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1316/is_v19/ai_4696995/ Tommy the Cork]"<ref>David McKean, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=RlV3AAAAMAAJ Tommy the Cork: Washington's Ultimate Insider from Roosevelt to Reagan]'' (Steerforth Press, 2004) ISBN 1586420682</ref> trying to "throw a monkey wrench into the ''Amerasia'' prosecution"<ref>Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tfrTpBLdl50C The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism]'' (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996) ISBN 0-8078-2245-0, p. 112</ref> in the form of a "political fix."<ref>Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tfrTpBLdl50C The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism]'' (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996) ISBN 0-8078-2245-0, p. 125</ref> One FBI memorandum, under the heading "Political Manipulations," citing "technical surveillance on the offices of Thomas J. Corcoran," reported:

{{cquote|Considerable political pressure and maneuverings were exerted on behalf of Service, involving directly or indirectly Lauchlin Currie, then an Administrative Assistant at the White House; the then Attorney General, [[Tom Clark]]; James McGranery, then Assistant to the Attorney General; James McInerney, then General Assistant to the Assistant Attorney General in Charge of the Criminal Division; and Robert Hitchcock, Special Prosecutor for this case."<ref>FBI memorandum: D.M. Ladd to FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, Re Philip Jacob Jaffe, was., et al, Espionage &ndash; C, May 11, 1950, p. 7 (FBI file: Amerasia, Section 54</ref>}}

{{cquote|Considerable political pressure and maneuverings were exerted on behalf of Service, involving directly or indirectly Lauchlin Currie, then an Administrative Assistant at the White House; the then Attorney General, [[Tom Clark]]; James McGranery, then Assistant to the Attorney General; James McInerney, then General Assistant to the Assistant Attorney General in Charge of the Criminal Division; and Robert Hitchcock, Special Prosecutor for this case."<ref>FBI memorandum: D.M. Ladd to FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, Re Philip Jacob Jaffe, was., et al, Espionage &ndash; C, May 11, 1950, p. 7 (FBI file: Amerasia, Section 54</ref>}}

The FBI surveillance logs in question recorded the Soviet agent [[Lauchlin Currie|Currie]] talking to [[Thomas Corcoran|Corcoran]] about Service, telling him, "the important thing is to get him out"; Corcoran telling Service that he had informed Attorney General [[Tom Clark]] "about the understanding we had below about the cutting out of your name"; James McGranery, assistant to the Attorney General, telling Corcoran, "Your man is Service. I got it" (to which Corcoran replies, "Yeah. So that we can cut him out. OK?"); Service telling Corcoran that federal prosecutor Robert Hitchcock told his attorney "we want to have Service cleared"; Corcoran telling Service, "I have a flat deal like that you are going to be cleared"; etc. <ref>[http://education-research.org/PDFs/Recording_Summary-Jaffe-06.10.45-04.19.46.pdf FBI recording summary], May 31, 1950: Philip Jacob Jaffe, June 10, 1945-April 19, 1946 (with cover memorandum, Ladd to Hoover, June 30, 1952)</ref>

The FBI surveillance logs in question recorded the Soviet agent [[Lauchlin Currie|Currie]] talking to [[Thomas Corcoran|Corcoran]] about Service, telling him, "the important thing is to get him out"; Corcoran telling Service that he had informed Attorney General [[Tom Clark]] "about the understanding we had below about the cutting out of your name"; James McGranery, assistant to the Attorney General, telling Corcoran, "Your man is Service. I got it" (to which Corcoran replies, "Yeah. So that we can cut him out. OK?"); Service telling Corcoran that federal prosecutor Robert Hitchcock told his attorney "we want to have Service cleared"; Corcoran telling Service, "I have a flat deal like that you are going to be cleared"; etc.<ref>[http://education-research.org/PDFs/Recording_Summary-Jaffe-06.10.45-04.19.46.pdf FBI recording summary], May 31, 1950: Philip Jacob Jaffe, June 10, 1945-April 19, 1946 (with cover memorandum, Ladd to Hoover, June 30, 1952)</ref>

When congressional investigators asked why the Justice Department dropped the case, Hitchcock claimed that department attorneys were concerned that the case would be thrown out because the initial documents had been obtained without a warrant. Asked why Justice had begun the prosecution, having known the origin of the evidence, MacInerney said, "I guess I was just overzealous." In fact, the courts in 1945 held that evidence obtained without a warrant, though inadmissible in court, could be used in investigation to develop other, admissible evidence. It would not be until the 1960s that the courts would adopt the so-called "tainted fruit" doctrine. According to ''Time'' magazine, "An FBI agent said flatly: 'The FBI secured no documents through any means … except incident to arrest. They were all legally obtained.'"<ref>"[http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,812633,00.html The Strange Case of Amerasia]," ''Time'', June 12, 1950</ref> FBI Director [[J. Edgar Hoover]] later wrote, "in the event I had been asked at the time the arrests were made whether I thought we had an airtight case, I would have stated that I thought we had. Further, if I were asked today, I would have to so state."<ref>FBI Director J. Edgar [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Hoover%20to%20Ford%20-%2005.4.50.pdf Hoover to Peyton Ford], Assistant to the Attorney General, re Philip Jacob Jaffe, was., et al., Espionage, May 4, 1950 (FBI file: Amerasia, Section 54)</ref> Hitchcock left Washington later that year to take a job with the law firm of Kate Mitchell's uncle.<ref>Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tfrTpBLdl50C The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism]'' (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996) ISBN 978-0807822456, p. 172</ref>

When congressional investigators asked why the Justice Department dropped the case, Hitchcock claimed that department attorneys were concerned that the case would be thrown out because the initial documents had been obtained without a warrant. Asked why Justice had begun the prosecution, having known the origin of the evidence, MacInerney said, "I guess I was just overzealous." In fact, the courts in 1945 held that evidence obtained without a warrant, though inadmissible in court, could be used in investigation to develop other, admissible evidence. It would not be until the 1960s that the courts would adopt the so-called "tainted fruit" doctrine. According to ''Time'' magazine, "An FBI agent said flatly: 'The FBI secured no documents through any means … except incident to arrest. They were all legally obtained.'"<ref>"[http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,812633,00.html The Strange Case of Amerasia]," ''Time'', June 12, 1950</ref> FBI Director [[J. Edgar Hoover]] later wrote, "in the event I had been asked at the time the arrests were made whether I thought we had an airtight case, I would have stated that I thought we had. Further, if I were asked today, I would have to so state."<ref>FBI Director J. Edgar [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Hoover%20to%20Ford%20-%2005.4.50.pdf Hoover to Peyton Ford], Assistant to the Attorney General, re Philip Jacob Jaffe, was., et al., Espionage, May 4, 1950 (FBI file: Amerasia, Section 54)</ref> Hitchcock left Washington later that year to take a job with the law firm of Kate Mitchell's uncle.<ref>Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tfrTpBLdl50C The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism]'' (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996) ISBN 978-0807822456, p. 172</ref>

==PSI investigations==

==PSI investigations==

Service was accused by Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] of being a security and loyalty risk. Between the years of 1942 and 1945, Service submitted memos to the U.S. State Department supporting the [[Chinese Communist]]s and [[Mao]] and advocated that the U.S. destroy [[Chiang Kai-shek]]. According to Senator McCarthy, "Service was named by the U.S. Ambassador to China as one of the men who was serving the cause of Communism in China. He asked the President to remove Service. He said that this man's actions are not good for the United States, they are good for Russia. While in China, Service, in secret recommendations to the State Department, urged that the Communists were the only hope for China. On June 6, 1945, Service was arrested by the [[F.B.I.]] for, "having transmitted, without authority, classified documents to the editors of ''[[Amerasia]]'', a Communist magazine". Service had in effect turned over to a known Communist, not only State Department documents, but also secret military information. In December of 1951, Service was fired from the U.S. State Department, "as a result of an adverse finding as to his security qualifications by the Loyalty Review Board of the Civil Service Commission." <ref>{{cite book

Service was accused by Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] of being a security and loyalty risk. Between the years of 1942 and 1945, Service submitted memos to the U.S. State Department supporting the [[Chinese Communist]]s and [[Mao]] and advocated that the U.S. destroy [[Chiang Kai-shek]]. According to Senator McCarthy, "Service was named by the U.S. Ambassador to China as one of the men who was serving the cause of Communism in China. He asked the President to remove Service. He said that this man's actions are not good for the United States, they are good for Russia. While in China, Service, in secret recommendations to the State Department, urged that the Communists were the only hope for China. On June 6, 1945, Service was arrested by the [[F.B.I.]] for, "having transmitted, without authority, classified documents to the editors of ''[[Amerasia]]'', a Communist magazine". Service had in effect turned over to a known Communist, not only State Department documents, but also secret military information. In December 1951, Service was fired from the U.S. State Department, "as a result of an adverse finding as to his security qualifications by the Loyalty Review Board of the Civil Service Commission." <ref>{{cite book

  | last = Buckley, Jr., William F. and Bozell, L. Brent

  | last = Buckley, Jr., William F. and Bozell, L. Brent

  | year = 1954, 1995 Printing

  | year = 1954, 1995 Printing

  | title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

  | title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

  | publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

  | publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

  | id = ISBN 0-89526-472-2}}</ref>

  | isbn = 0-89526-472-2}}</ref>

<ref>{{cite book

<ref>{{cite book

  | last = McCarthy

  | last = McCarthy

  | title = Major Speeches and Debates of Senator Joe McCarthy Delivered in the United States Senate, 1950-1951

  | title = Major Speeches and Debates of Senator Joe McCarthy Delivered in the United States Senate, 1950-1951

  | publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office

  | publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office

  | id = ISBN 0-87968-308-2 }}</ref>

  | isbn = 0-87968-308-2 }}</ref>

<ref>{{cite book

<ref>{{cite book

  | last = Klehr, Harvey and Radosh, Ronald

  | last = Klehr, Harvey and Radosh, Ronald

  | title = The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism  

  | title = The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism  

  | publisher = The University of North Carolina Press  

  | publisher = The University of North Carolina Press  

  | id = ISBN 0-80782-245-0}}</ref> He was rehired in 1957 at the instruction of a federal judge, but was never again given a policy-making or China-related post, and never received another promotion. Service eventually admitted that "the evidence had been sufficient to support his [http://nrd.nationalreview.com/article/?q=OWY5Mzg5NzY2ZWI0ZmJlZTdiMjJmY2Y1OTdhZWM3NWU= firing as a security risk]." In 1963 he retired from the State Department to the University of California at Berkeley, where, according to Mirsky, “he was admired by students and colleagues and regarded as a witch-hunt victim.” "For many years no expert on China stood higher in the opinion of American students of China, including myself,” than Service, writes Mirsky. However, in light of Service's confession, concludes Mirsky, Service “can no longer be viewed as an innocent victim.”<ref>Jonathan Mirsky, “[http://online.wsj.com/article_email/SB10001424052748704398304574598443437286438-lMyQjAxMDA5MDIwMTEyNDEyWj.html In Whose Service?]” ''The Wall Street Journal'', December 20, 2009</ref>

  | isbn = 0-80782-245-0}}</ref> He was rehired in 1957 at the instruction of a federal judge, but was never again given a policy-making or China-related post, and never received another promotion. Service eventually admitted that "the evidence had been sufficient to support his [http://nrd.nationalreview.com/article/?q=OWY5Mzg5NzY2ZWI0ZmJlZTdiMjJmY2Y1OTdhZWM3NWU= firing as a security risk]." In 1963 he retired from the State Department to the University of California at Berkeley, where, according to Mirsky, “he was admired by students and colleagues and regarded as a witch-hunt victim.” "For many years no expert on China stood higher in the opinion of American students of China, including myself,” than Service, writes Mirsky. However, in light of Service's confession, concludes Mirsky, Service “can no longer be viewed as an innocent victim.”<ref>Jonathan Mirsky, “[http://online.wsj.com/article_email/SB10001424052748704398304574598443437286438-lMyQjAxMDA5MDIwMTEyNDEyWj.html In Whose Service?]” ''The Wall Street Journal'', December 20, 2009</ref>

==See also==

==See also==

<references/>

<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Service, John Stewart}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Service, John Stewart}}

[[Category:biographies]]

[[Category:Biographies]]