Changes

==Subversion in China==

==Subversion in China==

In 1944, Service was Second Secretary of the U.S. Embassy in Chungking, [[China]]. There he shared a house with two [[Communist]] agents: [[Department of the Treasury|U.S. Treasury]] attaché [[Solomon Adler]]<ref>FBI [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Recording_Summary-Jaffe-06.10.45-04.19.46.pdf recording summary], Philip Jacob Jaffe, April 19, 1945 (FBI file: Amerasia, Section 39); "A highly confidential source has advised that Sol Adler was the roommate in Chungking, China, of  John Stewart Service." (FBI summary: [http://Ultra-Secret.info/PDFs/COMRAP%20SUMMARY.pdf The Comintern Apparatus], March 6, 1946, [ftp://education-research.org/PDFs/splitfiles/splitprocessed/COMRAP%2520SUMMARY_Folder/COMRAP%2520SUMMARY_page24.pdf p. 20 [PDF p. 24]]); "I moved into an apartment in the city [Chungking] with Solomon Adler." United States Department of State Loyalty Security Board Meeting in the Case of John S. Service, May 26, 1950, [http://ia341005.us.archive.org/2/items/statedepartmente195002unit/statedepartmente195002unit_bw.pdf State Department Employee Loyalty Investigation]: Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1950), Part 2: Appendix, p. 1967 (PDF p. 491); ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=FK8iAAAAMAAJ The Amerasia Papers: A Clue to the Catastrophe of China]'', Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970), p. 592</ref> and Chinese Ministry of Finance official [[Chi Chao-ting]] (Ji Chaoding).<ref>"During 1944, Service was sharing a house in Chungking with Solomon Adler... Upstairs, in a separate flat, lived Chi Cha’o-ting." Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tfrTpBLdl50C The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism]'' (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996) ISBN 978-0807822456, p. 21</ref>

In 1944, Service was Second Secretary of the U.S. Embassy in Chungking, [[China]]. There he shared a house with two [[Communist]] agents: [[Department of the Treasury|U.S. Treasury]] attaché [[Solomon Adler]]<ref>FBI [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Recording_Summary-Jaffe-06.10.45-04.19.46.pdf recording summary], Philip Jacob Jaffe, April 19, 1945 (FBI file: Amerasia, Section 39); "A highly confidential source has advised that Sol Adler was the roommate in Chungking, China, of  John Stewart Service." (FBI summary: [http://Ultra-Secret.info/PDFs/COMRAP%20SUMMARY.pdf The Comintern Apparatus], March 6, 1946, [ftp://education-research.org/PDFs/splitfiles/splitprocessed/COMRAP%2520SUMMARY_Folder/COMRAP%2520SUMMARY_page24.pdf p. 20 PDF p. 24]); "I moved into an apartment in the city [Chungking] with Solomon Adler." United States Department of State Loyalty Security Board Meeting in the Case of John S. Service, May 26, 1950, [http://ia341005.us.archive.org/2/items/statedepartmente195002unit/statedepartmente195002unit_bw.pdf State Department Employee Loyalty Investigation]: Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1950), Part 2: Appendix, p. 1967 (PDF p. 491); ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=FK8iAAAAMAAJ The Amerasia Papers: A Clue to the Catastrophe of China]'', Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970), p. 592</ref> and Chinese Ministry of Finance official [[Chi Chao-ting]] (Ji Chaoding).<ref>"During 1944, Service was sharing a house in Chungking with Solomon Adler... Upstairs, in a separate flat, lived Chi Cha’o-ting." Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tfrTpBLdl50C The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism]'' (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996) ISBN 978-0807822456, p. 21</ref>

[[Solomon Adler|Adler]] had been identified five years before by confessed former [[Comintern]]-[[GRU]] courier [[Whittaker Chambers]] as a member of the Communist underground apparatus.<ref>[http://www.johnearlhaynes.org/page100.html Adolf Berle’s Notes on His Meeting with Whittaker Chambers]. Under the Heading “Underground Espionage Agent,” Berle listed (Under “TREASURY“) “Shlomer Adler (Sol Adler?)”</ref> In 1945, defecting [[NKVD]] courier [[Elizabeth Bentley]] would likewise identify Adler as a Treasury official in Chungking who was also a member of an NKVD espionage ring known as the [[Silvermaster group]].<ref>Statement of Elizabeth Terrill Bentley, November 30, 1945 (FBI file: [http://education-research.org/CSR/Holdings/Silvermaster/summaries.htm Silvermaster], [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster006.pdf Volume 6]), [http://education-research.org/PDFs/splitfiles/splitprocessed/Silvermaster006_Folder/Silvermaster006_page27.pdf p. 26 (PDF p. 27)]</ref> In 1948, Chief of [[Soviet intelligence]] in the [[U.S.]] [[Anatoly Gorsky]] identified Adler (in [[KGB]] archives summarized by former KGB agent Alexander Vassiliev) as the agent code-named "Sachs,"<ref>A. Gorsky, “Failures in the USA (1938-48),” Dec. '48, in Alexander Vassiliev, ''Black Notebook'', [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/docs/Black%20Notebook%20Original.pdf original], p. 78 (PDF p. 40), [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/docs/Black%20Notebook%20Transcribed.pdf transcribed], p. 78, [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/docs/Black%20Notebook%20Translated1.pdf translated], p. 78. Under “‘Sound’ [Jacob Golos] and ‘Myrna’s’ [Bentley’s] group,” Gorsky listed “‘Sachs’ – Solomon Adler, former employee of the U.S. Dept. of the Treasury”</ref> who appears in [[Venona project|Venona]] as an NKVD source on [[China]].<ref>[http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1945/4jan_kgb_policy.pdf 14 KGB New York to Moscow 4 January 1945], p. 2</ref> Chi, meanwhile, was a Communist propagandist<ref>Gregory Lewis, "Bridging the Guomindang-Chinese Communist Party: Ji Chaoding in New York, Shanghai, Chongqing, and Beijing, 1933-1963," [http://www.umassd.edu/cas/history/cbh/history/fall01.pdf ''Zhongguo Shangye Shi'' (''Chinese Business History''), Vol. 11, No. 2 (Fall 2001)] ISSN 1090-834X, p. 1; Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, [http://ia360611.us.archive.org/0/items/instituteofpacif1952unit/instituteofpacif1952unit_bw.pdf Institute of Pacific Relations], S. Rpt. 2050, 82d Cong., 2d sess., Serial 11574, pursuant to S. Res. 306, (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1952), p. 67</ref> and intelligence agent.<ref>Lifu Chen, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=MOT_axUIWooC The Storm Clouds Clear Over China: The Memoir of Chen Li-fu, 1900-1993]'' (Hoover Press, 1994) ISBN 0817992723, p. 181; Arthur Herman, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=DIibZoDyADEC Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator]'' (Simon and Schuster, 1999) ISBN 0684836254, p. 126</ref> After the fall of China to the Communists, both Adler and Chi would abscond to Beijing, where they would become officials of the new Communist government, Chi as a propagandist,<ref>[[Sidney Rittenberg]], ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=_vTLJpWj-0wC The Man Who Stayed Behind]'' (Duke University Press, 2001) ISBN 0822326671, p. 253</ref> Adler as a foreign espionage official.<ref>John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=dIsmm_ZLHcIC Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America]'' (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1999) ISBN 0300077718, p. 144</ref>

[[Solomon Adler|Adler]] had been identified five years before by confessed former [[Comintern]]-[[GRU]] courier [[Whittaker Chambers]] as a member of the Communist underground apparatus.<ref>[http://www.johnearlhaynes.org/page100.html Adolf Berle’s Notes on His Meeting with Whittaker Chambers]. Under the Heading “Underground Espionage Agent,” Berle listed (Under “TREASURY“) “Shlomer Adler (Sol Adler?)”</ref> In 1945, defecting [[NKVD]] courier [[Elizabeth Bentley]] would likewise identify Adler as a Treasury official in Chungking who was also a member of an NKVD espionage ring known as the [[Silvermaster group]].<ref>Statement of Elizabeth Terrill Bentley, November 30, 1945 (FBI file: [http://education-research.org/CSR/Holdings/Silvermaster/summaries.htm Silvermaster], [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster006.pdf Volume 6]), [http://education-research.org/PDFs/splitfiles/splitprocessed/Silvermaster006_Folder/Silvermaster006_page27.pdf p. 26 (PDF p. 27)]</ref> In 1948, Chief of [[Soviet intelligence]] in the [[U.S.]] [[Anatoly Gorsky]] identified Adler (in [[KGB]] archives summarized by former KGB agent Alexander Vassiliev) as the agent code-named "Sachs,"<ref>A. Gorsky, “Failures in the USA (1938-48),” Dec. '48, in Alexander Vassiliev, ''Black Notebook'', [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/docs/Black%20Notebook%20Original.pdf original], p. 78 (PDF p. 40), [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/docs/Black%20Notebook%20Transcribed.pdf transcribed], p. 78, [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/docs/Black%20Notebook%20Translated1.pdf translated], p. 78. Under “‘Sound’ [Jacob Golos] and ‘Myrna’s’ [Bentley’s] group,” Gorsky listed “‘Sachs’ – Solomon Adler, former employee of the U.S. Dept. of the Treasury”</ref> who appears in [[Venona project|Venona]] as an NKVD source on [[China]].<ref>[http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1945/4jan_kgb_policy.pdf 14 KGB New York to Moscow 4 January 1945], p. 2</ref> Chi, meanwhile, was a Communist propagandist<ref>Gregory Lewis, "Bridging the Guomindang-Chinese Communist Party: Ji Chaoding in New York, Shanghai, Chongqing, and Beijing, 1933-1963," [http://www.umassd.edu/cas/history/cbh/history/fall01.pdf ''Zhongguo Shangye Shi'' (''Chinese Business History''), Vol. 11, No. 2 (Fall 2001)] ISSN 1090-834X, p. 1; Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, [http://ia360611.us.archive.org/0/items/instituteofpacif1952unit/instituteofpacif1952unit_bw.pdf Institute of Pacific Relations], S. Rpt. 2050, 82d Cong., 2d sess., Serial 11574, pursuant to S. Res. 306, (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1952), p. 67</ref> and intelligence agent.<ref>Lifu Chen, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=MOT_axUIWooC The Storm Clouds Clear Over China: The Memoir of Chen Li-fu, 1900-1993]'' (Hoover Press, 1994) ISBN 0817992723, p. 181; Arthur Herman, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=DIibZoDyADEC Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator]'' (Simon and Schuster, 1999) ISBN 0684836254, p. 126</ref> After the fall of China to the Communists, both Adler and Chi would abscond to Beijing, where they would become officials of the new Communist government, Chi as a propagandist,<ref>[[Sidney Rittenberg]], ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=_vTLJpWj-0wC The Man Who Stayed Behind]'' (Duke University Press, 2001) ISBN 0822326671, p. 253</ref> Adler as a foreign espionage official.<ref>John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=dIsmm_ZLHcIC Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America]'' (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1999) ISBN 0300077718, p. 144</ref>