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It was Plato, who made ''idea'' a technical term in philosophy, suggesting a world of abstract ideas [[idealism]]; Aristotle on the contrary, shows the real that dwells in the objects of sense; he thought that the natural world needed to be studied and observed for knowledge to be gained. His theory of act and potentiality, of form and ''matter'', is a new solution of the relations between the permanent and the changing; following the first attempts of the [[Presocratic Philosophy]] that conducted to [[Materialism]], ''Aristotle reproaches the Ionian philosophers in general with attempting to explain the evolution of the world without the Nous (intelligence); he regarded [[Protagoras]], who first introduced a spiritual principle, as a sober man among the inebriated.''

It was Plato, who made ''idea'' a technical term in philosophy, suggesting a world of abstract ideas [[idealism]]; Aristotle on the contrary, shows the real that dwells in the objects of sense; he thought that the natural world needed to be studied and observed for knowledge to be gained. His theory of act and potentiality, of form and ''matter'', is a new solution of the relations between the permanent and the changing; following the first attempts of the [[Presocratic Philosophy]] that conducted to [[Materialism]], ''Aristotle reproaches the Ionian philosophers in general with attempting to explain the evolution of the world without the Nous (intelligence); he regarded [[Protagoras]], who first introduced a spiritual principle, as a sober man among the inebriated.''

<ref> [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12025c.htm Philosophy] Catholic Encyclopedia. </ref>

<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12025c.htm Philosophy] Catholic Encyclopedia.</ref>

Since that age up to present days, ''idealism '' and ''materialism'' have been the two main tendencies in the field of philosophy.

Since that age up to present days, ''idealism '' and ''materialism'' have been the two main tendencies in the field of philosophy.

==== Structuralism ====

==== Structuralism ====

Structuralism is a theory that uses culturally interconnected signs to reconstruct systems of relationships rather than studying isolated, material things in themselves, with proponents such as Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure (1857 – 1913), Russian linguist Roman Jakobson (1896 – 1982), French anthropologist [[Claude Lévi-Strauss]] (1908 – 2009 ), French literary critic [[Roland Barthes]] (1915 – 1980), and French philosopher and historian Michel Foucault (1926 – 1984). Foucault, who is often classified as a post-structuralist, is renowned for historical studies that reveal the sometimes morally disturbing power relations inherent in social practices. <ref> [http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/structuralism Structuralism] </ref>

Structuralism is a theory that uses culturally interconnected signs to reconstruct systems of relationships rather than studying isolated, material things in themselves, with proponents such as Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure (1857 – 1913), Russian linguist Roman Jakobson (1896 – 1982), French anthropologist [[Claude Lévi-Strauss]] (1908 – 2009 ), French literary critic [[Roland Barthes]] (1915 – 1980), and French philosopher and historian Michel Foucault (1926 – 1984). Foucault, who is often classified as a post-structuralist, is renowned for historical studies that reveal the sometimes morally disturbing power relations inherent in social practices.<ref>[http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/structuralism Structuralism]</ref>

==== Others ====

==== Others ====

The Frankfurt School , a group of researchers associated with the Institut für Sozialforschung (Institute of Social Research), founded in 1923 as an autonomous division of the University of Frankfurt; members were Max Horkheimer, [[Theodor Adorno| Theodor Wiesengrund Adorno]], his friend Walter Benjamin (1892 – 1940), a German essayist and critic known for his synthesis of eccentric Marxist theory and Jewish messianism and [[Herbert Marcuse]] (1898 – 1979)<ref> [http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Philosophhy Philosophy] </ref>. [[Jürgen Habermas]] (1929-), a critic of [[Positivism]] is the most famous German professor of the tradition of critical theory.   

The Frankfurt School , a group of researchers associated with the Institut für Sozialforschung (Institute of Social Research), founded in 1923 as an autonomous division of the University of Frankfurt; members were Max Horkheimer, [[Theodor Adorno|Theodor Wiesengrund Adorno]], his friend Walter Benjamin (1892 – 1940), a German essayist and critic known for his synthesis of eccentric Marxist theory and Jewish messianism and [[Herbert Marcuse]] (1898 – 1979).<ref>[http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Philosophhy Philosophy]</ref> [[Jürgen Habermas]] (1929-), a critic of [[Positivism]] is the most famous German professor of the tradition of critical theory.   

[[British]] philosophers from the beginning of the 20. Century are: George Edward Moore (1873 – 1958), [[Bertrand Russell]] (1872 – 1970), philosopher, [[mathematician]], and social reformer, and the Austrian [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]] (1889 – 1951), who taught in Cambridge.

[[British]] philosophers from the beginning of the 20. Century are: George Edward Moore (1873 – 1958), [[Bertrand Russell]] (1872 – 1970), philosopher, [[mathematician]], and social reformer, and the Austrian [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]] (1889 – 1951), who taught in Cambridge.

{{main|Transcendentalism}}

{{main|Transcendentalism}}

Founded by [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] (1803 - 1882) who became the most widely known man of letters in America in the 19th century. Transcendentalism, ''of which Emerson was the leading figure, resembled British [[Romanticism]] in its precept that a fundamental continuity exists between man, nature, and God, or the divine... Matter and spirit are not opposed.'' <ref> [http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/emerson.htm Ralph Waldo Emerson] </ref>

Founded by [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] (1803 - 1882) who became the most widely known man of letters in America in the 19th century. Transcendentalism, ''of which Emerson was the leading figure, resembled British [[Romanticism]] in its precept that a fundamental continuity exists between man, nature, and God, or the divine... Matter and spirit are not opposed.'' <ref>[http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/emerson.htm Ralph Waldo Emerson]</ref>

==== Pragmatism ====

==== Pragmatism ====

[[Eastern Philosophy]] comprises mainly the thought of: [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Confucianism]], [[Taoism]], [[Islamism]] and [[Jainism]]. Some scholars include [[Ayurveda]], Babylonian philosophy and [[Korean]] philosophy.

[[Eastern Philosophy]] comprises mainly the thought of: [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Confucianism]], [[Taoism]], [[Islamism]] and [[Jainism]]. Some scholars include [[Ayurveda]], Babylonian philosophy and [[Korean]] philosophy.

== See Also ==

== See also ==

* [[Greek Philosophy]]

* [[Greek Philosophy]]

* [[Greek philosophers]]

* [[Greek philosophers]]

* [[Atheism and belief]]

* [[Atheism and belief]]

== External Links ==

== External links ==

* [http://www.friesian.com/history.htm History of Philosophy]

* [http://www.friesian.com/history.htm History of Philosophy]

* [http://www.erraticimpact.com/history_index.htm History of Philosophy - Resources]

* [http://www.erraticimpact.com/history_index.htm History of Philosophy - Resources]

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[[Category : Philosophy]]

[[Category:Philosophy]]

[[Category : Philosophical systems]]

[[Category:Philosophical systems]]