Changes

'''Charles Austin Beard''' (November 27, 1874 - September 1, 1948) was, (along with [[Frederick Jackson Turner]]) one of the most influential American historians of the early 20th century.  He published hundreds of monographs, textbooks and interpretive studies in both history and political science. He graduated from DePauw College in Indiana 1898, where he met and eventually married [[Mary Ritter Beard]], his lifelong collaborator and coauthor. She was an early specialist in women's history.  Charles Beard was a leading liberal and probably the most influential single force in providing a liberal interpretation of American history, and an emphasis on material and economic factors as opposed to ideas or religious values.  However in his last decade he became a bitter opponent of  the interventionist foreign policy of President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], and his attacks on Roosevelt were warmly received by conservatives.  Since 1960 his influence on history writing has declined sharply.

'''Charles Austin Beard''' (November 27, 1874 - September 1, 1948) was, (along with [[Frederick Jackson Turner]]) one of the most influential American historians of the early 20th century.  He published hundreds of monographs, textbooks and interpretive studies in both history and political science. He graduated from DePauw College in Indiana 1898, where he met and eventually married [[Mary Ritter Beard]], his lifelong collaborator and coauthor. She was an early specialist in women's history.  Charles Beard was a leading liberal and probably the most influential single force in providing a liberal interpretation of American history, and an emphasis on material and economic factors as opposed to ideas or religious values.  However, in his last decade he became a bitter opponent of  the interventionist foreign policy of President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], and his attacks on Roosevelt were warmly received by conservatives.  Since 1960 his influence on history writing has declined sharply.

==Progressive historiography==

==Progressive historiography==

His study of the financial interests of the drafters of the [[United States Constitution]] (''An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution'') was radical in 1913, since he proposed that the U.S. Constitution was less a matter of political values and more a product of economic interests of the founding fathers. That is, he saw ideology as a minor byproduct of economic interests.   

His study of the financial interests of the drafters of the [[United States Constitution]] (''An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution'') was radical in 1913, since he proposed that the U.S. Constitution was less a matter of political values and more a product of economic interests of the founding fathers. That is, he saw ideology as a minor byproduct of economic interests.   

Bears built on the work of historian Carl Becker, whose ''History of Political Parties in the Province of New York, 1760-1776'' (1909) formulated the Progressive interpretation of the American Revolution. Becker famously said there were two revolutions: one against Britain to obtain home rule, and the other to determine who should rule at home. Beard in ''An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States'' (1913) and ''An Economic Interpretation of Jeffersonian Democracy'' (1915) extended Becker's thesis down to 1800 in terms of class conflict.  To Beard, the Constitution was a counter-revolution, set up by rich bond holders (bonds were "personal property"), in opposition to the farmers and planters (land was "real property.") The Constitution, beard argued, was designed to reverse the radical democratic tendencies unleashed by the Revolution among the common people, especially farmers and debtors (people who owed money to the rich). In 1800, said beard, the farmers and debtors, led by plantation slaveowners, owverthrew the capitalists and established [[Jeffersonian Democracy]]. Other historians supported the class-conflict interpretation noting the states confiscated great semifeudal landholdings of Loyalists and gave them out in small parcels to ordinary farmers. Conservatives, such as [[William Howard Taft]] were shocked at the Progressive interpretation because it seem to belittle the Constitution. Scholars, however, adopted it and by 1930 it became the standard interpetation of the era among academic historians, but was largely ignored by lawyers and jurists. Beginning about 1950 revisionist historians demonstrated that the progressive intewrpretation was factually incorrect, led by Charles A. Barker, Philip Crowl, Richard P. McCormick, William Pool, Robert Thomas, John Munroe, Robert E. and B. Kathryn Brown, and above all [[Forrest McDonald]]. Robert Brown (1954) revealed its contradictions and [[Forrest McDonald]] (1958), using microscopic new research in federal, state and local archives, showed that Beard had misinterpreted the economic interests involved in writing the Constitution. Instead of two interests, landed and mercantile, which conflicted, there were over 30 identifiable interests that forced the delegates to bargain. Controversy raged, but by 1970 the Progressive interpretation of the era was dead. It was largely replaced by the intellectual history approach that stressed the power of ideas, especially [[republicanism]] in stimulating the Revolution.<ref>See Forrest McDonald "Colliding with the Past," ''Reviews in American History'' 25.1 (1997) 13-18</ref>  

Bears built on the work of historian Carl Becker, whose ''History of Political Parties in the Province of New York, 1760-1776'' (1909) formulated the Progressive interpretation of the American Revolution. Becker famously said there were two revolutions: one against Britain to obtain home rule, and the other to determine who should rule at home. Beard in ''An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States'' (1913) and ''An Economic Interpretation of Jeffersonian Democracy'' (1915) extended Becker's thesis down to 1800 in terms of class conflict.  To Beard, the Constitution was a counter-revolution, set up by rich bond holders (bonds were "personal property"), in opposition to the farmers and planters (land was "real property.") The Constitution, beard argued, was designed to reverse the radical democratic tendencies unleashed by the Revolution among the common people, especially farmers and debtors (people who owed money to the rich). In 1800, said beard, the farmers and debtors, led by plantation slaveowners, owverthrew the capitalists and established [[Jeffersonian Democracy]]. Other historians supported the class-conflict interpretation noting the states confiscated great semifeudal landholdings of Loyalists and gave them out in small parcels to ordinary farmers. Conservatives, such as [[William Howard Taft]] were shocked at the Progressive interpretation because it seem to belittle the Constitution. Scholars, however, adopted it and by 1930 it became the standard interpretation of the era among academic historians, but was largely ignored by lawyers and jurists. Beginning about 1950 revisionist historians demonstrated that the progressive intewrpretation was factually incorrect, led by Charles A. Barker, Philip Crowl, Richard P. McCormick, William Pool, Robert Thomas, John Munroe, Robert E. and B. Kathryn Brown, and above all [[Forrest McDonald]]. Robert Brown (1954) revealed its contradictions and [[Forrest McDonald]] (1958), using microscopic new research in federal, state and local archives, showed that Beard had misinterpreted the economic interests involved in writing the Constitution. Instead of two interests, landed and mercantile, which conflicted, there were over 30 identifiable interests that forced the delegates to bargain. Controversy raged, but by 1970 the Progressive interpretation of the era was dead. It was largely replaced by the intellectual history approach that stressed the power of ideas, especially [[republicanism]] in stimulating the Revolution.<ref>See Forrest McDonald "Colliding with the Past," ''Reviews in American History'' 25.1 (1997) 13-18</ref>  

===Civil War===

===Civil War===

* Hofstadter, Richard. ''The Progressive Historians: Turner, Beard, Parrington'' (1979), negative analysis of Beard's historiography.

* Hofstadter, Richard. ''The Progressive Historians: Turner, Beard, Parrington'' (1979), negative analysis of Beard's historiography.

* Kennedy, Thomas C. ''Charles A. Beard and American Foreign Policy'' (1975) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=14522811 online edition]

* Kennedy, Thomas C. ''Charles A. Beard and American Foreign Policy'' (1975) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=14522811 online edition]

* [[Forrest McDonald]] ''We The People: The Economic Origins of the Constitution'' (1958) , by a leading conservative historian

* Forrest McDonald ''We The People: The Economic Origins of the Constitution'' (1958), by a leading conservative historian

* Nore, Ellen. ''Charles A. Beard: An Intellectual Biography'' (1983). [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104597952 online edition]

* Nore, Ellen. ''Charles A. Beard: An Intellectual Biography'' (1983). [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104597952 online edition]

* Radosh, Ronald. ''Prophets on the Right: Profiles of Conservative Critics of American Globalism'' (1978), on Beard as isolationist

* Radosh, Ronald. ''Prophets on the Right: Profiles of Conservative Critics of American Globalism'' (1978), on Beard as isolationist