Changes

[[File:Braudel1.jpg|thumb|180px]] His first and greatest book, ''La Méditerranée et le Monde Méditerranéen à l'Epoque de Philippe II'' (1949) (''The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II'') was his most influential.  The Mediterranean legacy in Europe included cultivated crops consumption habits, monotheistic religion, and mental and cultural tools such as the language, laws, and pretensions of the state, as well as urbanism, the prestige of the written word, and the instruments of chronology. The culture ceased to be dominant in the 15th or 16th century, but the new [[Atlantic History|Atlantic culture]] embodied much of it and extended its elements to Siberia, the Americas, and the Antipodes.

[[File:Braudel1.jpg|thumb|180px]] His first and greatest book, ''La Méditerranée et le Monde Méditerranéen à l'Epoque de Philippe II'' (1949) (''The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II'') was his most influential.  The Mediterranean legacy in Europe included cultivated crops consumption habits, monotheistic religion, and mental and cultural tools such as the language, laws, and pretensions of the state, as well as urbanism, the prestige of the written word, and the instruments of chronology. The culture ceased to be dominant in the 15th or 16th century, but the new [[Atlantic History|Atlantic culture]] embodied much of it and extended its elements to Siberia, the Americas, and the Antipodes.

For Braudel there is no single Mediterranean sea. There are many seas—indeed a "vast, complex expanse" in which men operate. Life is conducted on the Mediterranean: people travel, fish, fight wars, and drown in the many seas. Again, the sea gives on to plains and islands. Life on the plains is diverse and complex; the poorer south is affected by religious diversity (Catholicism and Islam), as well as by intrusions - both cultural and economic - from the wealthier north. In other words the Mediterranean cannot be understood independently from what is exterior to it. Any rigid adherence to boundaries is a way of falsifying the situation.  

For Braudel there is no single Mediterranean sea. There are many seas—indeed a "vast, complex expanse" in which men operate. Life is conducted on the Mediterranean: people travel, fish, fight wars, and drown in the many seas. Again, the sea gives on to plains and islands. Life on the plains is diverse and complex; the poorer south is affected by religious diversity (Catholicism and Islam), as well as by intrusions - both cultural and economic - from the wealthier north. In other words, the Mediterranean cannot be understood independently from what is exterior to it. Any rigid adherence to boundaries is a way of falsifying the situation.  

The first level of time, geographical time, is that of the environment, with its slow, almost imperceptible change, its repetition and cycles. Change may be slow, but it is irresistible. The second level of time comprises social and cultural history, with social groupings, empires and civilizations. Change at this level is much more rapid than that of the environment; he looks at two or three centuries in order to spot a particular pattern, such as the rise and fall of various aristocracies. The third level of time is that of events (histoire événmentielle). This is the history of individuals with names. This, for Braudel, is the time of surfaces and deceptive effects. It is the time of the "courte durée" proper and it is exemplified by Part 3 of ''The Mediterranean'' which treats of "events, politics and people."   

The first level of time, geographical time, is that of the environment, with its slow, almost imperceptible change, its repetition and cycles. Change may be slow, but it is irresistible. The second level of time comprises social and cultural history, with social groupings, empires and civilizations. Change at this level is much more rapid than that of the environment; he looks at two or three centuries in order to spot a particular pattern, such as the rise and fall of various aristocracies. The third level of time is that of events (histoire événmentielle). This is the history of individuals with names. This, for Braudel, is the time of surfaces and deceptive effects. It is the time of the "courte durée" proper and it is exemplified by Part 3 of ''The Mediterranean'' which treats of "events, politics and people."   

* Braudel, Fernand.  "Histoire et Science Sociale: La Longue Durée" (1958) ''Annales E.S.C.,'' 13:4 Oct.-Déc. 1958, 725-753

* Braudel, Fernand.  "Histoire et Science Sociale: La Longue Durée" (1958) ''Annales E.S.C.,'' 13:4 Oct.-Déc. 1958, 725-753

* Braudel, Fernand. ''Civilisation Matérielle, Economie et Capitalisme XVe-XVIIIe Siècle'' (3 vol. 1979) (translated as ''Capitalism and Material Life''; [http://www.amazon.com/Civilization-Capitalism-15th-18th-Century-Vol/dp/0520081145/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197885337&sr=1-1  excerpt and text search vol. 1]; [http://www.amazon.com/Perspective-World-Civilization-Capitalism-15Th-18th/dp/0520081161/ref=sr_1_6?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197885337&sr=1-6 excerpt and text search vol 3])  

* Braudel, Fernand. ''Civilisation Matérielle, Economie et Capitalisme XVe-XVIIIe Siècle'' (3 vol. 1979) (translated as ''Capitalism and Material Life''; [http://www.amazon.com/Civilization-Capitalism-15th-18th-Century-Vol/dp/0520081145/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197885337&sr=1-1  excerpt and text search vol. 1]; [http://www.amazon.com/Perspective-World-Civilization-Capitalism-15Th-18th/dp/0520081161/ref=sr_1_6?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197885337&sr=1-6 excerpt and text search vol 3])  

* Braudel, Fernand. ''Ecrits sur l'histoire'' (1969), reprinted essays; translated as ''On History,'' (1980 [http://www.amazon.com/History-Fernand-Braudel/dp/0226071510/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197753580&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]

* Braudel, Fernand. ''Ecrits sur l'histoire'' (1969), reprinted essays; translated as ''On History,'' (1980) [http://www.amazon.com/History-Fernand-Braudel/dp/0226071510/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197753580&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]

* Braudel, Fernand. "Personal Testimony." ''Journal of Modern History'' 1972 44(4): 448-467. Issn: 0022-2801 Fulltext: [http://www.jstor.org.proxy.cc.uic.edu/view/00222801/di955004/95p0416f/0 Jstor]

* Braudel, Fernand. "Personal Testimony." ''Journal of Modern History'' 1972 44(4): 448-467. Issn: 0022-2801 Fulltext: [http://www.jstor.org.proxy.cc.uic.edu/view/00222801/di955004/95p0416f/0 Jstor]

* Braudel, Fernand.  ''The Structures of Everyday Life: The Limits of the Possible'' (1981),  

* Braudel, Fernand.  ''The Structures of Everyday Life: The Limits of the Possible'' (1981),