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[[Image:Kissinger Henry.jpg|frame|right]]

[[Image:Kissinger Henry.jpg|frame|right]]

'''Henry Kissinger''' (born 1923), American statesman and exponent of a [[liberal]] policy of "realism" in foreign policy; he dominated foreign policy in the the administrations of presidents [[Richard Nixon]] and [[Gerald Ford]], as [[Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs|National Security Advisor]] and [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]], holding both positions for a time.  He won the much-criticized 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for reaching a peace that ended the [[Vietnam War]].  In close collaboration with Nixon, he  created a '''[[détente]] policy''' that called for an end to the [[Cold War]] and for friendly relations with both the [[Soviet Union]] and [[China]].  His position on détente was rejected by [[Ronald Reagan]] in the 1976 campaign for the presidential nomination. Although Reagan narrowly lost that primary to Ford, due to the immense advantage of incumbency for Ford, Reagan won a landslide victory four years later on a platform that repudiated Kissinger's polices.  Kissinger was then left out of any prominent role in the [[Reagan Administration]].

'''Henry Kissinger''' (born 1923), American statesman and exponent of a [[liberal]] policy of "realism" in foreign policy; he dominated foreign policy in the administrations of presidents [[Richard Nixon]] and [[Gerald Ford]], as [[Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs|National Security Advisor]] and [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]], holding both positions for a time.  He won the much-criticized 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for reaching a peace that ended the [[Vietnam War]].  In close collaboration with Nixon, he  created a '''[[détente]] policy''' that called for an end to the [[Cold War]] and for friendly relations with both the [[Soviet Union]] and [[China]].  His position on détente was rejected by [[Ronald Reagan]] in the 1976 campaign for the presidential nomination. Although Reagan narrowly lost that primary to Ford, due to the immense advantage of incumbency for Ford, Reagan won a landslide victory four years later on a platform that repudiated Kissinger's polices.  Kissinger was then left out of any prominent role in the [[Reagan Administration]].

==Life==

==Life==

Kissinger was born in Fürth, Germany, on May 27, 1923 to a middle class Jewish family. They fled Nazi persecution, and arrived in New York in 1938, where he changed his first name from Heinz to Henry but never overcame his thick foreign accent.  He attended public schools and City University before being drafted at age 19. He returned to Europe during World War II fighting with the U.S. Army; he was in the infantry at first, but his heroism, courage, and daring got him promoted to intelligence. He was discharged as a sergeant in 1946. He spent a year as a civilian instructor in ''de-Nazification'' at an Army school in Germany; charged with de-Nazifying a German town, he did so with remarkable ease.  He had power and responsibility far beyond his years because of his intelligence, his energy, and his commitment to opposing the Nazis.

Kissinger was born in Fürth, Germany, on May 27, 1923 to a middle class Jewish family. They fled Nazi persecution, and arrived in New York in 1938, where he changed his first name from Heinz to Henry but never overcame his thick foreign accent.  He attended public schools and City University before being drafted at age 19. He returned to Europe during World War II fighting with the U.S. Army; he was in the infantry at first, but his heroism, courage, and daring got him promoted to intelligence. He was discharged as a sergeant in 1946. He spent a year as a civilian instructor in ''de-Nazification'' at an Army school in Germany; charged with de-Nazifying a German town, he did so with remarkable ease.  He had power and responsibility far beyond his years because of his intelligence, his energy, and his commitment to opposing the Nazis.

In the army, Kissinger was informally tutored by Fritz Kraemer, a fellow refugee with two PhD's. In 1950 Kissinger earned his B.A. ''summa cum laude'' at Harvard with a 377 page essay on "The Meaning of History: Reflections on Spengler, Toynbee and Kant."<ref>William Y. Elliott  was his director but only read half of it; the Government Department thereupon ruled that future senior theses could not exceed 40,000 words.</ref> He finished his Ph.D. in 1956 at Harvard, with a dissertation on "A World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh and the Problems of Peace 1812-22," a study praising how the conservative diplomats of the era built a stable and peaceful international system after the Napoleonic wars.

In the army, Kissinger was informally tutored by Fritz Kraemer, a fellow refugee with two PhD's. In 1950 Kissinger earned his B.A. ''summa cum laude'' at Harvard with a 377-page essay on "The Meaning of History: Reflections on Spengler, Toynbee and Kant."<ref>William Y. Elliott  was his director but only read half of it; the Government Department thereupon ruled that future senior theses could not exceed 40,000 words.</ref> He finished his Ph.D. in 1956 at Harvard, with a dissertation on "A World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh and the Problems of Peace 1812-22," a study praising how the conservative diplomats of the era built a stable and peaceful international system after the Napoleonic wars.

He married Ann Fleischer in 1949 and was divorced in 1964. There were two children, Elizabeth and David. In 1974 he married Nancy Maginnes.

He married Ann Fleischer in 1949 and was divorced in 1964. There were two children, Elizabeth and David. In 1974 he married Nancy Maginnes.

==National Security Advisor and Secretary of State==

==National Security Advisor and Secretary of State==

In 1969 Nixon appointed him his top advisor on foreign affairs as "Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs" )or "National Security Advisor") in charge of the [[National Security Council]] staff, which he made his base of power. He and Nixon largely ignored the State Department in setting the main lines of foreign policy. In 1973, Kissinger gained the additional role as secretary of state. He was the only person ever to hold the two top national security roles at the same time, and in 1975 he was replaced as head of the NSC.  

In 1969, Nixon appointed him his top advisor on foreign affairs as "Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs," or "National Security Advisor") in charge of the [[National Security Council]] staff, which he made his base of power. He and Nixon largely ignored the State Department in setting the main lines of foreign policy. In 1973, Kissinger gained the additional role as secretary of state. He was the only person ever to hold the two top national security roles at the same time, and in 1975 he was replaced as head of the NSC.  

Kissinger's approach to foreign policy was shaped by his vision of world peace achieved through a global balance of power; and accordingly Kissinger believed that effective U.S. diplomacy needed to be backed by force and guided by the pragmatism of Realpolitik rather than by high ideals and abstract causes. In practice his diplomacy, which mixed a highly visible, personal style with secret, behind-the-scenes maneuverings, was marked by bold, often controversial, initiatives and by frequent travel between world capitals in what came to be known as "shuttle diplomacy".

Kissinger's approach to foreign policy was shaped by his vision of world peace achieved through a global balance of power; and accordingly Kissinger believed that effective U.S. diplomacy needed to be backed by force and guided by the pragmatism of Realpolitik rather than by high ideals and abstract causes. In practice his diplomacy, which mixed a highly visible, personal style with secret, behind-the-scenes maneuverings, was marked by bold, often controversial, initiatives and by frequent travel between world capitals in what came to be known as "shuttle diplomacy".

Kissinger approved of the Turkish invasion, viewing the Greek junta as a Cold War liability.<ref>http://www.kypros.org/Occupied_Cyprus/cyprus1974/images/NATO_Joseph_Luns_700_bg.jpg</ref>  Kissinger had resolved to find a solution to the Cyprus problem in May 1974.<ref>http://www.kypros.org/Occupied_Cyprus/cyprus1974/images/Dept_Of_State_Kissinger_700_bg.jpg</ref>  Kissinger intervened to prevent a planned British military response to the second phase of the Turkish invasion in order to avoid a war between the two American allies.

Kissinger approved of the Turkish invasion, viewing the Greek junta as a Cold War liability.<ref>http://www.kypros.org/Occupied_Cyprus/cyprus1974/images/NATO_Joseph_Luns_700_bg.jpg</ref>  Kissinger had resolved to find a solution to the Cyprus problem in May 1974.<ref>http://www.kypros.org/Occupied_Cyprus/cyprus1974/images/Dept_Of_State_Kissinger_700_bg.jpg</ref>  Kissinger intervened to prevent a planned British military response to the second phase of the Turkish invasion in order to avoid a war between the two American allies.

Some 70,000 Turkish civilians were displaced by the Greeks.  It is estimated by independant sources that 140,000 to 160,000<ref>Borowiec, Andrew (2000), Cyprus: A Troubled Island. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, pp2</ref> Greek civilians were displaced by the Turkish invaders.  Only 20,000 Greeks remained in the north.  Five Americans disappeared during the Turkish invasion.

Some 70,000 Turkish civilians were displaced by the Greeks.  It is estimated by independent sources that 140,000 to 160,000<ref>Borowiec, Andrew (2000), Cyprus: A Troubled Island. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, pp2</ref> Greek civilians were displaced by the Turkish invaders.  Only 20,000 Greeks remained in the north.  Five Americans disappeared during the Turkish invasion.

===Latin America===

===Latin America===

The Democrats in Congress cut off aid to UNITA under President Ford, just as they abandoned South Vietnam and Cambodia to murderous Communist bloodbath.  "''A great nation cannot escape its responsibilities,''" Ford admonished them.  Emboldened, Cuba would soon militarily intervene on behalf of the Communist dictatorship in [[Ethiopia]], which killed 1.25 million people through massacre and forced starvation.<ref>Washington Post, March 18, 1978; New York Times, December 14, 1994.</ref>

The Democrats in Congress cut off aid to UNITA under President Ford, just as they abandoned South Vietnam and Cambodia to murderous Communist bloodbath.  "''A great nation cannot escape its responsibilities,''" Ford admonished them.  Emboldened, Cuba would soon militarily intervene on behalf of the Communist dictatorship in [[Ethiopia]], which killed 1.25 million people through massacre and forced starvation.<ref>Washington Post, March 18, 1978; New York Times, December 14, 1994.</ref>

The Nixon White House staunchly opposed the maniacal tyrant [[Idi Amin]] of [[Uganda]], who slaughtered 100-500,000 innocent people and ethnically cleansed<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/7/newsid_2492000/2492333.stm</ref> Uganda of all Asians.  Amin was armed almost exclusively by the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Libya]].  The US urged Americans to evacuate the country, and began developing contingency plans to combat the regime's threatening posture in 1972.<ref>http://www.paperlessarchives.com/idi_amin.html</ref>  Ambassador Thomas P. Melady described the Amin regime as "racist, erratic, brutal, inept, bellicose, irrational, ridiculous, militaristic, and, above all, xenophobic."<ref>http://www.paperlessarchives.com/idi_amin.html</ref>  The British, fearful of a massacre, sought American help in preparing the logistics for an evacuation of the 7,000 British subjects in the country, should it prove neccessary.<ref>http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,906445-3,00.html</ref>  Kissinger and Nixon agreed.  On September 24, 1972, they had the following conversation:

The Nixon White House staunchly opposed the maniacal tyrant [[Idi Amin]] of [[Uganda]], who slaughtered 100-500,000 innocent people and ethnically cleansed<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/7/newsid_2492000/2492333.stm</ref> Uganda of all Asians.  Amin was armed almost exclusively by the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Libya]].  The US urged Americans to evacuate the country, and began developing contingency plans to combat the regime's threatening posture in 1972.<ref>http://www.paperlessarchives.com/idi_amin.html</ref>  Ambassador Thomas P. Melady described the Amin regime as "racist, erratic, brutal, inept, bellicose, irrational, ridiculous, militaristic, and, above all, xenophobic."<ref>http://www.paperlessarchives.com/idi_amin.html</ref>  The British, fearful of a massacre, sought American help in preparing the logistics for an evacuation of the 7,000 British subjects in the country, should it prove necessary.<ref>http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,906445-3,00.html</ref>  Kissinger and Nixon agreed.  On September 24, 1972, they had the following conversation:

: '''Nixon''':  Isn’t a person a person, goddamnit?  You know, they talk about Vietnam, ‘these people far away that we don’t know,’ and you remember Chamberlain talking about the Czechs, that they’re far away and we don’t know them very well?  Well, goddamnit, people are people! … I’m getting tired of this business of letting these Africans beat a hundred thousand people to death and do nothing about it.

: '''Nixon''':  Isn’t a person a person, goddamnit?  You know, they talk about Vietnam, ‘these people far away that we don’t know,’ and you remember Chamberlain talking about the Czechs, that they’re far away and we don’t know them very well?  Well, goddamnit, people are people! … I’m getting tired of this business of letting these Africans beat a hundred thousand people to death and do nothing about it.

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He added in a seperate piece:

He added in a separate piece:

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President Bush's visit has brought relations between India and the United States to an unprecedented level of cooperation and interdependence, which promises to make a seminal contribution to international peace and prosperity.

President Bush's visit has brought relations between India and the United States to an unprecedented level of cooperation and interdependence, which promises to make a seminal contribution to international peace and prosperity.