Changes

In September 1889, Addams and a friend, [[Ellen Gates Starr]], moved into an 1850s mansion built by banker Charles Hull, but located in a neighborhood that had become a crowded multi-ethnic slum on the near West Side of Chicago controlled by local political bosses.  At one point she ran for alderman against the local boss, Johnnie Powers, and lost. Hull House, as Addams named it, became America's best known settlement house. She used Hull House to generate system-directed change—to keep families safe, community and societal conditions must be improved.<ref>Elshtain (2002). For some years previously Catholic nuns at Holy Family Parish had operated social welfare services in the same neighborhood. Hull House represented the first Protestant activity. See Ellen Skerrett, "The Irish Of Chicago's Hull-House Neighborhood." ''Chicago History'' 2001 30(1): 22-63. Issn: 0272-8540</ref>  

In September 1889, Addams and a friend, [[Ellen Gates Starr]], moved into an 1850s mansion built by banker Charles Hull, but located in a neighborhood that had become a crowded multi-ethnic slum on the near West Side of Chicago controlled by local political bosses.  At one point she ran for alderman against the local boss, Johnnie Powers, and lost. Hull House, as Addams named it, became America's best known settlement house. She used Hull House to generate system-directed change—to keep families safe, community and societal conditions must be improved.<ref>Elshtain (2002). For some years previously Catholic nuns at Holy Family Parish had operated social welfare services in the same neighborhood. Hull House represented the first Protestant activity. See Ellen Skerrett, "The Irish Of Chicago's Hull-House Neighborhood." ''Chicago History'' 2001 30(1): 22-63. Issn: 0272-8540</ref>  

Starr and Addams developed three "ethical principles" for social settlements: "to teach by example, to practice cooperation, and to practice social democracy, that is, egalitarian, or democratic, social relations across class lines."<ref>Knight (2005) p. 182</ref>  Hull House therefore offered a comprehensive program of civic, cultural, recreational, and educational activities and attracted admiring visitors from all over the world, in including [[William Lyon MacKenzie King]], a graduate student from Harvard who later became prime minister of Canada. In the 1890s [[Julia Lathrop]], [[Florence kelley|Florence Kelley]], and other residents of the house made it a world center of social reform activity.  Hull House used the latest methodology (pioneering in statistical mapping) to study overcrowding, truancy, typhoid fever, cocaine, children's reading, newsboys, infant mortality, and midwifery. Starting with efforts to improve the immediate neighborhood, the Hull House group became involved in city- and state-wide campaigns for better housing, improvements in public welfare, stricter child-labor laws, and protection of working women. Addams brought in prominent visitors from around the world, and had close links with leading Chicago intellectuals and philanthropists.  Some of the Hull House residents were socialists, but Addams was committed to capitalism and its reform. In 1912 she helped found the [[Progressive Party]] and supported the presidential campaign of [[Theodore Roosevelt]], even though his platform called for building more battleships.

Starr and Addams developed three "ethical principles" for social settlements: "to teach by example, to practice cooperation, and to practice social democracy, that is, egalitarian, or democratic, social relations across class lines."<ref>Knight (2005) p. 182</ref>  Hull House therefore offered a comprehensive program of civic, cultural, recreational, and educational activities and attracted admiring visitors from all over the world, in including [[William Lyon MacKenzie King]], a graduate student from Harvard who later became prime minister of Canada. In the 1890s [[Julia Lathrop]], [[Florence kelley|Florence Kelley]], and other residents of the house made it a world center of social reform activity.  Hull House used the latest methodology (pioneering in statistical mapping) to study overcrowding, truancy, typhoid fever, cocaine, children's reading, newsboys, infant mortality, and midwifery. Starting with efforts to improve the immediate neighborhood, the Hull House group became involved in city- and statewide campaigns for better housing, improvements in public welfare, stricter child-labor laws, and protection of working women. Addams brought in prominent visitors from around the world, and had close links with leading Chicago intellectuals and philanthropists.  Some of the Hull House residents were socialists, but Addams was committed to capitalism and its reform. In 1912 she helped found the [[Progressive Party]] and supported the presidential campaign of [[Theodore Roosevelt]], even though his platform called for building more battleships.

==Emphasis on children==

==Emphasis on children==

==World Peace==

==World Peace==

Addams was a major synthesizing figure in the domestic and international peace movements, serving as both a figurehead and leading theoretician; she was influenced especially by Russian novelist [[Leo Tolstoy]] and by the pragmatism of philosophers [[John Dewey]] and [[George Herbert Mead]].<ref>See Hamington (2007)</ref> She saw democracy, social justice and peace as mutually reinforcing; they all had to advance together to achieve any one.  Addams became an anti-war activist from 1899, as part of the anti-imperialist movement that followed the Spanish-American War.  Her book ''Newer Ideals of Peace'' (1907) reshaped the peace movement worldwide to include ideals of social justice.  She recruited social justice reformers like [[Alice Hamilton]], [[Lillian Wald]], [[Florence Kelley]], and [[Emily Balch]] to join her in the new international women's peace movement after 1914. Addams's work came to fruition after World War I, when major institutional bodies began to link peace with social justice and probe the underlying causes of war and conflict.  After 1915 Addams, who never married, centered her interests in the peace movement. She was a leader at the International Congress of Women at The Hague, Holland, in 1915 and presided at the first meeting of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) in Zurich, Switzerland, in 1919, which she served as president.<ref>Alonzo (2003)</ref>  She damned war as a cataclysm that undermined human kindness, solidarity, civic friendship, and caused families across the world to struggle.  In turn her views were denounced by patriotic groups during World War I (1917–18). In one major speech she suggested that armies gave liquor to soldiers just before attacking, which brought a wave of ridicule on her. Even after the war the WILPF's program of peace and disarmament was characterized by opponents as radical, Communist-influenced, unpatriotic, and unfeminine. Young veterans in the American Legion, supported by some members of the Daughters of the American Revolution and the League of Women Voters, were ill prepared to confront the older, better-educated, more financially secure and nationally famous women of the WILPF. The Legion's efforts to portray the WILPF members as dangerously naive females resonated with working class audiences, but President [[Calvin Coolidge]] and the middle classes supported Addams and her WILPF efforts in the 1920s to prohibit [[poison gas]] and outlaw war.  After 1920, however, she was widely regarded as the greatest woman of the [[Progressive Era]].<ref>Allison. Sobek, "How Did the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom Campaign against Chemical Warfare, 1915-1930?" ''Women And Social Movements In The United States, 1600-2000'' 2001 5(0).</ref> In 1931 she shared the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] with Nicholas Murray Butler.<ref>Sklar (2003)</ref>

Addams was a major synthesizing figure in the domestic and international peace movements, serving as both a figurehead and leading theoretician; she was influenced especially by Russian novelist [[Leo Tolstoy]] and by the pragmatism of philosophers [[John Dewey]] and [[George Herbert Mead]].<ref>See Hamington (2007)</ref> She saw democracy, social justice and peace as mutually reinforcing; they all had to advance together to achieve any one.  Addams became an anti-war activist from 1899, as part of the anti-imperialist movement that followed the Spanish–American War.  Her book ''Newer Ideals of Peace'' (1907) reshaped the peace movement worldwide to include ideals of social justice.  She recruited social justice reformers like [[Alice Hamilton]], [[Lillian Wald]], [[Florence Kelley]], and [[Emily Balch]] to join her in the new international women's peace movement after 1914. Addams's work came to fruition after World War I, when major institutional bodies began to link peace with social justice and probe the underlying causes of war and conflict.  After 1915 Addams, who never married, centered her interests in the peace movement. She was a leader at the International Congress of Women at The Hague, Holland, in 1915 and presided at the first meeting of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) in Zurich, Switzerland, in 1919, which she served as president.<ref>Alonzo (2003)</ref>  She damned war as a cataclysm that undermined human kindness, solidarity, civic friendship, and caused families across the world to struggle.  In turn her views were denounced by patriotic groups during World War I (1917–18). In one major speech she suggested that armies gave liquor to soldiers just before attacking, which brought a wave of ridicule on her. Even after the war the WILPF's program of peace and disarmament was characterized by opponents as radical, Communist-influenced, unpatriotic, and unfeminine. Young veterans in the American Legion, supported by some members of the Daughters of the American Revolution and the League of Women Voters, were ill prepared to confront the older, better-educated, more financially secure and nationally famous women of the WILPF. The Legion's efforts to portray the WILPF members as dangerously naive females resonated with working class audiences, but President [[Calvin Coolidge]] and the middle classes supported Addams and her WILPF efforts in the 1920s to prohibit [[poison gas]] and outlaw war.  After 1920, however, she was widely regarded as the greatest woman of the [[Progressive Era]].<ref>Allison. Sobek, "How Did the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom Campaign against Chemical Warfare, 1915-1930?" ''Women And Social Movements In The United States, 1600-2000'' 2001 5(0).</ref> In 1931 she shared the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] with Nicholas Murray Butler.<ref>Sklar (2003)</ref>

==Addams' ideals==

==Addams' ideals==

*  Deegan, M. J. ''Jane Addams and the Men of the Chicago School, 1892-1918.'' (1988)

*  Deegan, M. J. ''Jane Addams and the Men of the Chicago School, 1892-1918.'' (1988)

* Donovan, Brian. ''White Slave Crusades: Race, Gender, and Anti-Vice Activism, 1887-1917.'' U of Illinois Press. 2006. 186 pp.

* Donovan, Brian. ''White Slave Crusades: Race, Gender, and Anti-Vice Activism, 1887-1917.'' U of Illinois Press. 2006. 186 pp.

* Fischer, Marilyn, et al eds. ''Jane Addams and the Practice of Democracy'' (2009), 230pp; 11 specialized essays by scholars [http://www.amazon.com/Addams-Practice-Democracy-Marilyn-Fischer/dp/0252034066/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1252727230&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

* Fischer, Marilyn, et al. eds. ''Jane Addams and the Practice of Democracy'' (2009), 230pp; 11 specialized essays by scholars [http://www.amazon.com/Addams-Practice-Democracy-Marilyn-Fischer/dp/0252034066/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1252727230&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

* Grimm, Robert Thornton, Jr. "Forerunners for a Domestic Revolution: Jane Addams, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and the Ideology Of Childhood, 1900-1916." ''Illinois Historical Journal'' 1997 90(1): 47-64. Issn: 0748-8149

* Grimm, Robert Thornton, Jr. "Forerunners for a Domestic Revolution: Jane Addams, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and the Ideology Of Childhood, 1900-1916." ''Illinois Historical Journal'' 1997 90(1): 47-64. Issn: 0748-8149

* Hamington, Maurice. "Jane Addams," ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (2007) [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/addams-jane/ online edition]

* Hamington, Maurice. "Jane Addams," ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (2007) [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/addams-jane/ online edition]