Changes

In the 1760s [[James Watt]], an engineer from [[Scotland]], created an engine that was powered by steam. Though it was initially used to pump water from mines, the steam engine quickly spread to other industries—ensuring that the industrial revolution would prevail. The spread of the steam engine increased the demand for coal many times.  

In the 1760s [[James Watt]], an engineer from [[Scotland]], created an engine that was powered by steam. Though it was initially used to pump water from mines, the steam engine quickly spread to other industries—ensuring that the industrial revolution would prevail. The spread of the steam engine increased the demand for coal many times.  

The coal-fueled steam engine was a decisive factor in the Industrial Revolution, providing cheap, controllable power vastly superior to power from oxen, horses, and competitive with water mills. The first cost-effective steam engine appeared after [[James Watt]], repairing a Newcomen steam engine, noted that 80% of its energy was lost by the alternate heating and cooling of the cylinder. In 1769 Watt patented a separate condenser, which made it possible to keep the cylinder hot, an air pump to exhaust the cylinder after each stroke, and a cylinder head to force the piston down by steam instead of atmospheric pressure. Many other inventors in the next 100 years perfected elements of the steam engine. Their challenge in maximizing the power output was to use high temperatures and very high steam pressures, without having the engine explode.<ref>[http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/lord/ John Lord, ''Capital and Steam Power 1750-1800'' (1923) online]</ref>   

The coal-fueled steam engine was a decisive factor in the Industrial Revolution, providing cheap, controllable power vastly superior to power from oxen, horses, and competitive with water mills. The first cost-effective steam engine appeared after [[James Watt]], repairing a Newcomen steam engine, noted that 80% of its energy was lost by the alternate heating and cooling of the cylinder. In 1769 Watt patented a separate condenser, which made it possible to keep the cylinder hot, an air pump to exhaust the cylinder after each stroke, and a cylinder head to force the piston down by steam instead of [[atmospheric pressure]]. Many other inventors in the next 100 years perfected elements of the steam engine. Their challenge in maximizing the power output was to use high temperatures and very high steam pressures, without having the engine explode.<ref>[http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/lord/ John Lord, ''Capital and Steam Power 1750-1800'' (1923) online]</ref>   

Success in building larger, more efficient engines meant that the cost of energy fell steadily.  Entrepreneurs found uses for stationary engines in turning the machines in a factory or the pumps at a mine, while mobile engines were put into locomotives and ships (where they turned paddles or, later, propellers). The use of water power was growing too, so that in 1830 steam mills and water mills were about equal (at 165,000 horsepower each); by 1879 Britain obtained 2.1 million  horsepower from steam engines, and 230,000 from water.<ref>Nicholas Crafts, "Steam as a General Purpose Technology: a Growth Accounting Perspective." ''Economic Journal'' 2004 114(495): 338-351. Issn: 0013-0133 Fulltext: Ebsco; Crafts also estimates that all technological innovations, including steam engines, accounted for about 18% of British economic growth from 1780 to 1830, and 31% from 1830 to 1870;</ref>   

Success in building larger, more efficient engines meant that the cost of energy fell steadily.  Entrepreneurs found uses for stationary engines in turning the machines in a factory or the pumps at a mine, while mobile engines were put into locomotives and ships (where they turned paddles or, later, propellers). The use of water power was growing too, so that in 1830 steam mills and water mills were about equal (at 165,000 horsepower each); by 1879 Britain obtained 2.1 million  horsepower from steam engines, and 230,000 from water.<ref>Nicholas Crafts, "Steam as a General Purpose Technology: a Growth Accounting Perspective." ''Economic Journal'' 2004 114(495): 338-351. Issn: 0013-0133 Fulltext: Ebsco; Crafts also estimates that all technological innovations, including steam engines, accounted for about 18% of British economic growth from 1780 to 1830, and 31% from 1830 to 1870;</ref>   

In 1831, the Glasgow area, with a population of 200,000, operated 328 steam-engines. Sixty were on steamboats; the largest steamboat was only 387 tons and it had two engines, each of 110 horse-power. The other engines were used in the 107  

In 1831, the Glasgow area, with a population of 200,000, operated 328 steam-engines. Sixty were on steamboats; the largest steamboat was only 387 tons and it had two engines, each of 110 horse-power. The other engines were used in the 107  

cotton mills, many of which contained several. The average engine had a 26 horse-power output. Other industries were just starting to use the new engines.<ref>Clapham 1:156</ref>  

cotton mills, many of which contained several. The average engine had a 26 horse-power output. Other industries were just starting to use the new engines.<ref>Clapham 1:156</ref>

==Textiles==

==Textiles==