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'''Jazz''' is an American style of music that reflects Americans' roots in Africa and Europe. The style originated in [[New Orleans]] during the early years of the 20th century.It combines African-American music, ragtime, and the blues. Jazz is typified by complex collective musical [[improvisation]], syncopation, use of blue notes, and call and response. The first jazz recording was made in 1917 by the Original Dixieland Jazz Band, who drew heavily on African-American influences, as well as the brass bands that were popular in the South at the time.  

'''Jazz''' is an American style of music that reflects Americans' roots in Africa and Europe. The style originated in [[New Orleans]] during the early years of the 20th century. It combines African-American music, ragtime, and the blues. Jazz is typified by complex collective musical [[improvisation]], syncopation, use of blue notes, and call and response. The first jazz recording was made in 1917 by the Original Dixieland Jazz Band, who drew heavily on African-American influences, as well as the brass bands that were popular in the South at the time.  

==Early Jazz==

==Early Jazz==

Up until the mid-to-late 20s, jazz was a [[polyphony|polyphonic]] (or perhaps more accurately, a [[Heterophony|heterophonic]]) music - typically, in a band such as [[King Oliver]]'s, the [[cornet]] would hold the main melody, whilst the [[clarinet]] would improvise [[obbligato|obbligati]] above and the [[trombone]] would add a tenor line below. Gradually, a more solo-oriented style emerged, typified by the Hot Five recordings of [[Louis Armstrong]], where instruments would take turns to solo.

Up until the mid-to-late 1920s, jazz was a [[polyphony|polyphonic]] (or perhaps more accurately, a [[Heterophony|heterophonic]]) music - typically, in a band such as [[King Oliver]]'s, the [[cornet]] would hold the main melody, whilst the [[clarinet]] would improvise [[obbligato|obbligati]] above and the [[trombone]] would add a tenor line below. Gradually, a more solo-oriented style emerged, typified by the Hot Five recordings of [[Louis Armstrong]], where instruments would take turns to solo.

At this time, black and white bands were comprehensively segregated, with the influence of the ODJB hanging heavy over the white bands.

At this time, black and white bands were comprehensively segregated, with the influence of the ODJB hanging heavy over the white bands.

Towards the end of the 1920, the big band sound started to emerge in two places, New York and [[Kansas City]]. In New York, the [[Broadway]] influence led to the development of sophisticated orchestras such as those of Fletcher Henderson or [[Duke Ellington]], whilst in the Southwest, an earthier, bluesier style was developed by such leaders as Bennie Moten and Jesse Stone.

Towards the end of the 1920s, the big band sound started to emerge in two places, [[New York City]] and [[Kansas City]]. In New York City, the [[Broadway]] influence led to the development of sophisticated orchestras such as those of Fletcher Henderson or [[Duke Ellington]], while in the Southwest, an earthier, bluesier style was developed by such leaders as Bennie Moten and Jesse Stone.

==Swing==

==Swing==

The early 1930s were something of a lean time for jazz commercially, although fine recordings were being produced by [[Harlem]] bandleaders such as Ellington and [[Cab Calloway]]. By around 1935 the swing style was being popularised by white bandleaders such as [[Benny Goodman]], (although black bandleaders such as [[Count Basie]], [[Jimmie Lunceford]] and [[Chick Webb]] had developed it) and by the end of the decade effectively became the sound of Western pop music.

The early 1930s were something of a lean time for jazz commercially, although fine recordings were being produced by [[Harlem]] bandleaders such as Ellington and [[Cab Calloway]]. By around 1935 the swing style was being popularized by white bandleaders such as [[Benny Goodman]], (although black bandleaders such as [[Count Basie]], [[Jimmie Lunceford]] and [[Chick Webb]] had developed it) and by the end of the decade effectively became the sound of Western pop music.

==Bebop==

==Bebop==

In reaction against the perceived commercialism of swing, and its appropriation by white musicians, a group of young, dedicated musicians sought to create a style deliberately intended to alienate the casual listener. With its complex harmonies and irregular melodies, the bebop style was treated with suspicion by older musicians. Bebop was popular with jazz critics but never achieved mainstream success.

In reaction against the perceived commercialism of swing, and its appropriation by white musicians, a group of young, dedicated musicians sought to create a style deliberately intended to alienate the casual listener. With its complex harmonies and irregular melodies, the [[bebop]] style (also called simply '''bop''') was treated with suspicion by older musicians. Bebop was popular with jazz critics but never achieved mainstream success.

==After Bebop==

==After Bebop==

During the 1950s the small group came to dominate mainstream jazz, assuming the form that survives to this day - a rhythm section of piano (playing sparse left hand), double bass and drums, with a front line generally consisting of 'horns' (i.e., trumpets and/or saxophones).

During the 1950s the small group came to dominate mainstream jazz, assuming the form that survives to this day - a rhythm section of piano (playing sparse left hand), double bass and drums, with a front line generally consisting of horns (i.e., trumpets and/or saxophones).

Various movements emerged in the 1950s.  

Various movements emerged in the 1950s.  

Hard bop (epitomised by Horace Silver and [[Art Blakey]]) brought a 'funky', bluesy feel to the music, in reaction to the complexities of bebop.

Hard bop (epitomized by Horace Silver and [[Art Blakey]]) brought a "funky", bluesy feel to the music, in reaction to the complexities of bebop.

Soul jazz, led by artists such as organist Jimmy Smith, combined elements of bebop, R&B, and gospel to create a "soulful" jazz sound.  

Soul jazz, led by artists such as organist Jimmy Smith, combined elements of bebop, R&B, and gospel to create a "soulful" jazz sound.  

==Fusion==

==Fusion==

As rock became the dominant force in popular music in the 1960s, some jazz musicians decided to adapt to it, with varying degrees of success. Miles Davis' ''Bitches Brew'' and Herbie Hancock's ''Headhunters'' are two seminal fusion albums.

As rock became the dominant force in popular music in the 1960s, some jazz musicians decided to adapt to it and created '''fusion''' (also known as '''jazz fusion''' or '''jazz-rock'''), with varying degrees of success. Miles Davis' ''Bitches Brew'' and Herbie Hancock's ''Headhunters'' are two seminal fusion albums. Notable fusion bands include the Tony Williams Lifetime, Weather Report, Return to Forever, the Mahavishnu Orchestra and the Herbie Hancock-led Headhunters. Prominent fusion musicians, many of whom were associated with Miles Davis during the advent of fusion, include Herbie Hancock, Chick Corea, John McLaughlin, Joe Zawinul, Wayne Shorter, Jan Hammer, Airto Moreira and Jaco Pastorius.

==Today==

==Today==