Changes

List of dictators (view source)

Revision as of 17:13, July 25, 2017

54 bytes added , 17:13, July 25, 2017

A large part of Turkey is in West Asia, and also Azerbaijan is in Western Asia, not in Central Asia.

Line 130: Line 130:

| align=center|[[Porfirio Díaz]] || align=center|[[Mexico]] || align=center|1879–1910 || Interim president 1876-1877; President of Mexico 1877-1880, 1884-1911. ''De facto'' ruler 1880-1884. Gained power in a coup, after his Revolution of Tuxtepac overthrew his predecessor, Lerdo. He did not run for reelection after his first term in order to keep his one-term promises that he made during his revolution. However, he retook the presidency a few years later and did not leave from power until the [[Mexican Revolution|Revolution of 1910]] kicked him from the Presidency. His rule saw the rapid modernization of Mexico, progress mainly caused by Diaz's encouragement of foreign investment in the country's infrastructure. However, the poor became quite miserable during this time. Political opposition was squelched and rebellions were put down by the ''rurals'', Diaz's personal guard. He was eventually overthrown by the [[Mexican Revolution|Revolution]] which lasted 10 years.

|-

−

| align=center|[[Victoriano Huerta]] || align=center|Mexico || align=center|1913–1914 || Appointed president, established a military dictatorship for about a year, and then was forced to resign.

+

| align=center|[[Victoriano Huerta]] || align=center|[[Mexico]] || align=center|1913–1914 || Appointed president, established a military dictatorship for about a year, and then was forced to resign.

|}

Line 148: Line 148:

| align=center|[[Maximiliano Hernández Martínez]] || align=center|[[El Salvador]] || align=center|1931–1934 1935–1944 || Acting President 1931-1934; President of El Salvador 1935-1944. Gained power in a coup; suppressed opposition; oversaw massacre of between ten and forty thousand suspected opponents. Presided over ''[[1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising|La Matanza]]'' in 1932, a massacre (genocide) of communists, suspected communists, [[campesinos]] and [[Pipil]] Indians (see [http://countrystudies.us/el-salvador/7.htm]).

|-

−

| align=center|[[Jorge Ubico]] || align=center|Guatemala || align=center|1931–1944 || President of Guatemala. Elected, but suppressed opposition and "assumed dictatorial powers".

+

| align=center|[[Jorge Ubico]] || align=center|[[Guatemala]] || align=center|1931–1944 || President of Guatemala. Elected, but suppressed opposition and "assumed dictatorial powers".

|-

| align=center|[[Tiburcio Carías Andino]] || align=center|[[Honduras]] || align=center|1933–1949 || President of Honduras. Banned opposition and set up a [[Rubberstamp (politics)|rubber-stamp]] congress; suppressed unions (see [http://countrystudies.us/honduras/19.htm]).

|-

−

| align=center|[[Carlos Castillo Armas]] || align=center|Guatemala || align=center|1954–1957 || Junta Chairman, 1954; President of Guatemala 1954-1957. Gained power in a coup; banned the popular [[Guatemalan Party of Labour|Communist party]]; purged trade unions of leftist influence; declared himself president in 1956. Assassinated.

+

| align=center|[[Carlos Castillo Armas]] || align=center|[[Guatemala]] || align=center|1954–1957 || Junta Chairman, 1954; President of Guatemala 1954-1957. Gained power in a coup; banned the popular [[Guatemalan Party of Labour|Communist party]]; purged trade unions of leftist influence; declared himself president in 1956. Assassinated.

|-

| align=center|[[Oswaldo López Arellano]] || align=center|[[Honduras]] || align=center|1963–1971 1972–1975 || Head of Military Government 1963-1965; President of Honduras 1965-1971; Head of State 1972-1975. Military officer who allowed elections in 1971 before re-seizing power the next year. According to Clara Nieto in ''Masters of War: Latin America and United States Aggression from the Cuban Revolution through the Clinton years'', p. 114 (ISBN 1-58322-545-5): "During this second term (1972-1975) López governed without a congress and by decree."

Line 179: Line 179:

| align=center|[[Manuel Belzu]] || align=center|[[Bolivia]] || align=center|1848–1855 || Provisional President of Bolivia 1848-1850; President of Bolivia 1850-1855. Unelected military ruler; ''[[caudillo]]''. A populist and nationalist who voluntarily relinquished power after 1855 elections, described in (ISBN 0-13-524356-4), p. 131, as the "cleanest ever held" in (early) Bolivian history.

|-

−

| align=center|[[Francisco Solano López]] || align=center|Paraguay || align=center|1862–1869 || President of Paraguay. Inherited power from his father; had himself awarded immense powers by a congress he had packed with supporters. Killed in the [[War of the Triple Alliance]] (which Lopez had caused by invading Brazil), along with 90 per cent of the Paraguayan adult (age 14+) male population.

+

| align=center|[[Francisco Solano López]] || align=center|[[Paraguay]] || align=center|1862–1869 || President of Paraguay. Inherited power from his father; had himself awarded immense powers by a congress he had packed with supporters. Killed in the [[War of the Triple Alliance]] (which Lopez had caused by invading Brazil), along with 90 per cent of the Paraguayan adult (age 14+) male population.

|-

| align=center|[[Mariano Melgarejo]] || align=center|[[Bolivia]] || align=center|1864–1871 || Provisional President 1864-1870; President of Bolivia 1870-1871. Gained power in a coup and ruthlessly suppressed opposition. In 1869 he sent the army to suppress an uprising by [[Huaichu]] Indians attempting to regain land privileges they enjoyed under President Belzu (see ISBN 1-55753-324-5).

Line 201: Line 201:

| align=center|[[Gabriel Terra]] || align=center|[[Uruguay]] || align=center|1931–1938 || President of Uruguay. Suspended congress and dissolved constitution in 1933.

|-

−

| align=center|[[Higinio Morínigo]] || align=center|Paraguay || align=center|1940–1948 || Provisional president 1940-1943; President of Paraguay 1943-1948. Seized absolute power; ruled by [[diktat]] until 1946.

+

| align=center|[[Higinio Morínigo]] || align=center|[[Paraguay]] || align=center|1940–1948 || Provisional president 1940-1943; President of Paraguay 1943-1948. Seized absolute power; ruled by [[diktat]] until 1946.

|-

| align=center|[[Manuel Odría]] || align=center|[[Peru]] || align=center|1948–1956 || Chairman of military junta 1948 - 1950; President of Peru 1950 - 1956. Gained power in a coup; restricted civil rights; allowed election in 1956.

Line 219: Line 219:

| align=center|[[Artur da Costa e Silva]] || align=center|[[Brazil]] || align=center|1967–1969 || President of Brazil 1967-1969. Elected in 1966, but centralised power; closed the Congress; banned opposition; suspended free press. Decreed [[Institutional Act No. 5]], described as "the most unconstitutional, anti-democratic, arbitrary, and repressive decree in Brazil's history." (ISBN 1-58322-545-5), p. 167.

|-

−

| align=center|[[Emílio Garrastazu Médici]] || align=center|Brazil || align=center|1969–1974 || President of Brazil. Appointed by congress, but instituted a military government; suppressed press and opposition (see [http://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/62/index.rtf]).

+

| align=center|[[Emílio Garrastazu Médici]] || align=center|[[Brazil]] || align=center|1969–1974 || President of Brazil. Appointed by congress, but instituted a military government; suppressed press and opposition (see [http://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/62/index.rtf]).

|-

| align=center|[[Juan María Bordaberry]] || align=center|[[Uruguay]] || align=center|1972–1976 || President of Uruguay 1972 - 1976. Elected, but installed a military government, dissolved Congress, suspended civil liberties and banned unions.

Line 225: Line 225:

| align=center|[[Augusto Pinochet]] || align=center|[[Chile]] || align=center|1973–1990 || Chairman of military junta 1973-1974; Supreme Head of the Nation 1974; President of Chile 1974-1990. Gained power in a coup; suppressed and exiled opposition; over 3000 "[[Forced disappearance|disappearances]]" and 28,000 tortured.

|-

−

| align=center|[[Ernesto Geisel]] || align=center|Brazil || align=center|1974–1979 || Congress-appointed President of Brazil. The fourth of the military dictators; party and union freedom were still inexistent during his term; had oppositionists like journalist [[Wladimir Herzog]] and factory worker [[Manoel Fiel Filho]] tortured and murdered.

+

| align=center|[[Ernesto Geisel]] || align=center|[[Brazil]] || align=center|1974–1979 || Congress-appointed President of Brazil. The fourth of the military dictators; party and union freedom were still inexistent during his term; had oppositionists like journalist [[Wladimir Herzog]] and factory worker [[Manoel Fiel Filho]] tortured and murdered.

|-

| align=center|[[Jorge Rafael Videla]] || align=center|[[Argentina]] || align=center|1976–1981 || President of Argentina. Gained power in a coup; never elected; between ten and thirty thousand opponents killed.

|-

−

| align=center|[[João Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo]] || align=center|Brazil || align=center|1979–1985 || Congress-appointed President of Brazil. Society won some democratic measures these years, but there was still a major fraud during 1982 State government elections. His government was responsible for the 1983 bomb in the Riocentro.

+

| align=center|[[João Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo]] || align=center|[[Brazil]] || align=center|1979–1985 || Congress-appointed President of Brazil. Society won some democratic measures these years, but there was still a major fraud during 1982 State government elections. His government was responsible for the 1983 bomb in the Riocentro.

|-

| align=center|[[Dési Bouterse]] || align=center|[[Suriname]] || align=center|1980–1988 || Chairman of the National Military Council 1980-1988. Gained power in a coup; never elected; widespread misrule. Most infamous atrocity is the ''[[Decembermoorden]]''.

Line 270: Line 270:

| align=center|[[Paul Magloire]] || align=center|[[Haiti]] || align=center|1950–1956 || President of Haiti. Gained power in a coup; never elected.

|-

−

| align=center|[[François Duvalier]] || align=center|Haiti || align=center|1957–1971 || President of Haiti. Elected in 1957, but banned opposition; declared himself [[President for Life]] in 1964; highly repressive.

+

| align=center|[[François Duvalier]] || align=center|[[Haiti]] || align=center|1957–1971 || President of Haiti. Elected in 1957, but banned opposition; declared himself [[President for Life]] in 1964; highly repressive.

|-

| align=center|[[Fidel Castro]] || align=center|[[Cuba]] || align=center|1959–2006 || Prime Minister of Cuba 1959-1976; President of the Council of State and the Council of Ministers from 1976. Gained power after [[Cuban Revolution|revolution]]. Castro was elected President [[Elections in Cuba|after 1976]], but within a one-party [[Communist state]]. Retired due to his poor health.

|-

−

| align=center|[[Jean-Claude Duvalier]] || align=center|Haiti || align=center|1971–1986 || President of Haiti. Inherited presidency aged 19 from his father; never elected.

+

| align=center|[[Jean-Claude Duvalier]] || align=center|[[Haiti]] || align=center|1971–1986 || President of Haiti. Inherited presidency aged 19 from his father; never elected.

|-

| align=center|[[Eric Gairy]] || align=center|[[Grenada]] || align=center|1974–1979 || Prime Minister of Grenada 1967-1979. Widely described as a dictator (see [http://www.factbites.com/topics/Eric-Gairy], [http://www.paradise-inn-carriacou.com/grenada_revolution.php], [http://counterpunch.org/gibson06052004.html]).

|-

−

| align=center|[[Raoul Cédras]] || align=center|Haiti || align=center|1991–1994 || ''De facto'' ruler for a relatively short period of time. Gained power in a coup (see [http://www.haitisupport.gn.apc.org/infamous.htm]).

+

| align=center|[[Raoul Cédras]] || align=center|[[Haiti]] || align=center|1991–1994 || ''De facto'' ruler for a relatively short period of time. Gained power in a coup (see [http://www.haitisupport.gn.apc.org/infamous.htm]).

|-

|align=center|[[Raul Castro]] ||align=center| [[Cuba]] ||align=center|'''2006–present''' || Appointed successor by his brother of the Communist Party of Cuba.

Line 291: Line 291:

|-

! Name !! Country !! Years in power !! Notes

−

|

+

|-

+

| align=center|[[Selim I]] || align=center| [[Ottoman Empire]] || align=center|1512–1520 || 9th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, known as Selim the Grim or Selim the Resolute. He became ruler by dropping his father Bayezid II from the throne. In 1517, he usurped the caliphate from the Mamluk Sultanate.

+

|-

+

| align=center|[[Abdul Hamid II]] || align=center| [[Ottoman Empire]] || align=center|1876–1909 || 34th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire who exert effective despotic control over the fracturing state. He abolished the constitutional regime in 1878, and established an oppressive regime. The dissidents were imprisoned or exiled through agents. Newspapers, magazines and books were censored.

+

|-

+

| align=center|"[[Three Pashas]]" || align=center| [[Ottoman Empire]] || align=center|1913–1918 || [[Enver Pasha]] (Enver Paşa), [[Talaat Pasha]] (Talat Paşa), and [[Djemal Pasha]] (Cemal Paşa). They made a coup on the worsening of the First Balkan War and took over the administration.

+

+

|-

+

| align=center|[[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] || align=center| [[Turkey]] || align=center|1923–1938 || Marshal and first President of Turkey. Led the Turkish national movement. Transformed Turkey into a secular republic through broad authoritarian reforms.

|-

| align=center|[[Abdul Karim Qassem]] || align=center|[[Iraq]] || align=center|1958–1963 || Gained power by coup; viewed by some as benevolent (see [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2003/03/18/wisad18.xml]).

Line 305: Line 313:

| align=center|[[Saddam Hussein]] || align=center|Iraq || align=center|1979–2003 || Pressured Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr to resign in 1979 and formally became president. Repressive; developed extensive personality cult; deposed by [[United States]] and coalition forces in an invasion.

|-

−

| align=center|[[Ali Khamenei|Ayatollah Ali Khamenei]]||align=center| [[Iran]] ||align=center|'''1989–present''' || Continues Khomeini's [[Islamist]] path & uses religion as a tool, cracks down on all authentic dissent, tortures, and has given orders that permit killings like that of [[Akbar Mohammadi]] and [[Zahra Kazemi]]. Only permitts [[government-organized demonstrations]]. Allows a multi-party government but disallows the candidacy of true moderates.[http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=9940][http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1527919/][http://www.nationalreview.com/ledeen/ledeen200505310823.asp][http://www.deanesmay.com/posts/1154652871.shtml][http://isd.georgetown.edu/demo_0102.pdf][http://www.boycottliberalism.com/liberalcelebrity.htm]~~~~ISBN 0-16-074590-X

+

| align=center|[[Ali Khamenei|Ayatollah Ali Khamenei]]|| align=center|[[Iran]] ||align=center|'''1989–present''' || Continues Khomeini's [[Islamism|Islamist]] path & uses religion as a tool, cracks down on all authentic dissent, tortures, and has given orders that permit killings like that of [[Akbar Mohammadi]] and [[Zahra Kazemi]]. Only permitts [[government-organized demonstrations]]. Allows a multi-party government but disallows the candidacy of true moderates.[http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=9940][http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1527919/][http://www.nationalreview.com/ledeen/ledeen200505310823.asp][http://www.deanesmay.com/posts/1154652871.shtml][http://isd.georgetown.edu/demo_0102.pdf][http://www.boycottliberalism.com/liberalcelebrity.htm] ISBN 0-16-074590-X

|-

| align=center|[[Bashar al-Assad]] || align=center|[[Syria]] || align=center|'''2000–present''' || No opposition permitted in election following death of his father; widely described as a dictator (see [http://www.opinionjournal.com/best/?id=110007449], [http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=sd&ID=SP92405], [http://www.freeman.org/m_online/feb04/pasko.htm]).

+

|-

+

| align=center|[[Ilham Aliyev]] || align=center|[[Azerbaijan]] || align=center|'''2003–present''' || Dubious election; opposition suppressed (see [http://www.underreported.com/print.php?sid=1241]).

+

|-

+

| align=center|[[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] || align=center|[[Turkey]] || align=center| '''2014–present''' || Prime Minister of Turkey 2003-2014; President of Turkey since 2014. His crackdowns on protests, restrictions on the media, banning of public websites, purging of prosecutors looking to investigate him, and general curbing of civil liberties follow the path of a typical autocrat. He changed the constitution to enhance his autocratic powers and enshrine authoritarianism into law.

|}

Line 323: Line 335:

|-

| align=center|[[Muhammed Omar]] || align=center|[[Afghanistan]] || align=center|1996–2001 || Considered a Theocratic Dictator who excercized strict sharia laws; allowed the persecution of Hazaras; gave Al Qaeda refuge in Afghanistan. (see [http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0881088.html][http://www.afghan-web.com/bios/today/momar.html]).

−

|-

−

| align=center|[[Ilham Aliyev]] || align=center|[[Azerbaijan]] || align=center|'''2003–present''' || Dubious election; opposition suppressed (see [http://www.underreported.com/print.php?sid=1241]).

|-

| align=center| [[Gurbanguly Berdimuhammedow]] || align=center|[[Turkmenistan]] || align=center|'''2006–present''' ||Unelected, appointed as successor upon Niyazov's death. Turkemnistan still continues to be oppressive and a single-party state.

Line 403: Line 413:

|-

! Name !! Country !! Years in power !! Notes

−

|-

−

| align=center| [[Selim I]] || align=center| [[Ottoman Empire]] || align=center|1512–1520 || 9th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, known as Selim the Grim or Selim the Resolute. He became ruler by dropping his father Bayezid II from the throne. In 1517, he usurped the caliphate from the Mamluk Sultanate.

|-

| align=center| [[Oliver Cromwell]] || align=center| [[Commonwealth of England]] || align=center|1649–1658 || A [[Puritan]] general in the [[English Civil War]] who quickly rose through the ranks to become ''de facto'' head of the Parliamentary forces. After the Royalist defeat and the execution of [[Charles I]] the newly constituted [[Rump Parliament]] was overthrown by Cromwell who refused the Crown, choosing instead the title of Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland. After his death the monarchy was reinstated. [http://www.olivercromwell.org/].

Line 417: Line 425:

|-

| align=center| [[Romuald Traugutt]] || align=center| [[Poland]] || align=center|1863–1864 || Held official title of dictator for one year. Succeeded [[Marian Langiewicz]] who had declared himself dictator previously, but only lasted less than a year in 1863.

−

|-

−

| align=center| [[Abdul Hamid II]] || align=center| [[Ottoman Empire]] || align=center|1876–1909 || 34th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire who exert effective despotic control over the fracturing state. He abolished the constitutional regime in 1878, and established an oppressive regime. The dissidents were imprisoned or exiled through agents. Newspapers, magazines and books were censored.

−

|-

−

| align=center| "[[Three Pashas]]" || align=center| [[Ottoman Empire]] || align=center|1913–1918 || [[Enver Pasha]] (Enver Paşa), [[Talaat Pasha]] (Talat Paşa), and [[Djemal Pasha]] (Cemal Paşa). They made a coup on the worsening of the First Balkan War and took over the administration.

−

~~~~

|-

| align=center| [[Vladimir Lenin]] || align=center| [[Soviet Union]] || align=center|1917–1924 || Head of Bolshevik Revolution took power in 1917. Secured victory in the Russian civil war. Headed effort to transform the Russian economy to a socialist model.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/lenin_vladimir.shtml]

|-

| align=center| [[Benito Mussolini]] || align=center| [[Italy]] || align=center|1922–1943, and in part of the country 1943–1945 || Prime Minister of Italy 1922-1943; head of the so-called [[Italian Social Republic]] until 1945. "He introduced strict censorship and altered the methods of election so that in 1925–1926 he was able to assume dictatorial powers and dissolve all other political parties" (see [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:0PFM13qC39YJ:www.ablongman.com/history_rh_bridge/assets/0321025865_ch15.pdf+%22Italian+dictator+Benito+Mussolini%22],[http://doi.contentdirections.com/mr/greenwood.jsp?doi=10.1336/0275979377]).

−

|-

−

| align=center|[[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] || align=center| [[Turkey]] || align=center|1923–1938 || Marshal and first President of Turkey. Led the Turkish national movement. Transformed Turkey into a secular republic through broad authoritarian reforms.

|-

| align=center| [[Miguel Primo de Rivera]] || align=center| [[Spain]] || align=center|1923–1930 || Prime Minister of Spain. Gained power in a coup; suspended the constitution; established martial law; imposed strict censorship; banned all political parties. Widely described as a dictator (see [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9061388], [http://www.bartleby.com/65/pr/PrimRivM.html], [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761565186/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera.html]).

Line 490: Line 491:

| align=center| [[Nikita Khrushchev]] || align=center| [[Soviet Union]] || align=center|1953–1964 || First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union between 1953-1964. Allowed limited liberalisation in the arts and media later on.

|-

−

| align=center| [[Todor Zhivkov]] || align=center| Bulgaria || align=center|1956–1989 || Head of pro soviet communist regimen in Bulgaria. Became party secretary in 1956 and prime minister in 1962. Forced out of power in 1989 by communist party to comply with demands of protesters.

+

| align=center| [[Todor Zhivkov]] || align=center| [[Bulgaria]] || align=center|1956–1989 || Head of pro soviet communist regimen in Bulgaria. Became party secretary in 1956 and prime minister in 1962. Forced out of power in 1989 by communist party to comply with demands of protesters.

|-

| align=center| [[Antonín Novotný]] || align=center| [[Czechoslovakia]] || align=center|1957–1968 || Antonín Novotný, the First Secretary of the Communist Party and President of the Republic, was leader of Czechoslovakia during the Stalinisation of the country, resulting in the replacement of the Czechoslovakian democracy by a one-party communist state. His dictatorship centralized power and used force to protect his regime which lasted fifteen years.

Line 510: Line 511:

| align=center| [[Phaedon Gizikis]] || align=center| [[Greece]] || align=center|1973–1974 || President of Greece 1973-1974. Gained power in coup. Lead military regime installed by previous head of state.

|-

−

| align=center| [[Wojciech Jaruzelski]] || align=center|Poland || align=center|1981–1990 || Imposed martial law in Poland in 1981 in response to Solidarity party led strikes. Made himself head of the "Commission for National Salvation." Stated his actions were taken in order to prevent a Soviet invasion of Poland. Was President of Poland until his resignation in 1990.

+

| align=center| [[Wojciech Jaruzelski]] || align=center| [[Poland]] || align=center|1981–1990 || Imposed martial law in Poland in 1981 in response to Solidarity party led strikes. Made himself head of the "Commission for National Salvation." Stated his actions were taken in order to prevent a Soviet invasion of Poland. Was President of Poland until his resignation in 1990.

|-

| align=center| [[Yuri Andropov]] || align=center| [[Soviet Union]] || align=center|1982–1984 || General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union between 1982-1984. Early signs of [[Perestroika]] and [[Glasnost]].

Line 521: Line 522:

|-

| align=center| [[Alexander Lukashenko]] || align=center| [[Belarus]] || align=center| '''1994–present''' || President of Belarus. Said to have an "authoritarian ruling style". Lack of democratic standards. Human rights violations.

−

|-

−

| align=center| [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] || align=center| [[Turkey]] || align=center| '''2014–present''' || Prime Minister of Turkey 2003-2014; President of Turkey since 2014. His crackdowns on protests, restrictions on the media, banning of public websites, purging of prosecutors looking to investigate him, and general curbing of civil liberties follow the path of a typical autocrat. He changed the constitution to enhance his autocratic powers and enshrine authoritarianism into law.

|}

Andrewlee

SkipCaptcha

242

edits

Changes

List of dictators (view source)

Revision as of 17:13, July 25, 2017

Navigation menu

Search