Changes

Very high group cohesion enabled labor bosses to organize unskilled workers into construction gangs and move them to locations wehere canals and railroads were being built.  Native Americans rarely did this work (although in the South slaves were used, and in California Chinese.) The Irish fought for the jobs against other Irish work gangs.  

Very high group cohesion enabled labor bosses to organize unskilled workers into construction gangs and move them to locations wehere canals and railroads were being built.  Native Americans rarely did this work (although in the South slaves were used, and in California Chinese.) The Irish fought for the jobs against other Irish work gangs.  

Most went to the largest cities, especially Boston and New York, as well as Chicago, San Francisco, Saint Louis, Hartford, Albany, Philadelphia and Detroit.  In the Northeast, Protestant owners of texile mills fired the Yankee women working there and replaced them with cheaper Irish women.

Most went to the largest cities, especially Boston and New York, as well as Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Saint Louis, Kansas City, Milwaukee, Cleveland, Hartford, Providence, New Jersey, Albany, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia and Detroit.  In the Northeast, Protestant owners of texile mills fired the Yankee women working there and replaced them with cheaper Irish women.

Many served in the Civil War (on both sides) but they resented the draft and rioted in New York on a major scale in 1863.  

Many served in the Civil War (on both sides) but they resented the draft and rioted in New York on a major scale in 1863.

== Irish in politics and government ==

== Irish in politics and government ==