Changes

FERA was replaced in 1935 by a much bigger and more important agency that Hopkins ran, the [[WPA]] or "Work Progress Admoinistration."  In cooperation with state and local government, WPA hired men (and some women) directly into federal jobs from local relief roles. The WPA was dramatically new because it operated on its own. It selected projects with the cooperation of local and state government but operated them with its own staff and budget.  Hopkins estimated that 25 million people got their living from Works Progress Administration alone.   

FERA was replaced in 1935 by a much bigger and more important agency that Hopkins ran, the [[WPA]] or "Work Progress Admoinistration."  In cooperation with state and local government, WPA hired men (and some women) directly into federal jobs from local relief roles. The WPA was dramatically new because it operated on its own. It selected projects with the cooperation of local and state government but operated them with its own staff and budget.  Hopkins estimated that 25 million people got their living from Works Progress Administration alone.   

Upon being “purged” from [[Agricultural Adjustment Administration]],<ref>http://homepages.nyu.edu/~th15/pressmanx.html</ref> Communist lawyer [[Lee Pressman]] was immediately hired back into the government by Hopkins, who apparently had little regard for the law; according to Pressman, Hopkins told him, “The first time you tell me I can’t do what I want to do, you’re fired. I’m going to decide what I think has to be done and it’s up to you to see to it that it’s legal.” <ref>Gilbert J. Gall, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=xCYoLnaWXdoC Pursuing Justice: Lee Pressman, the New Deal, and the CIO]'' (New York: SUNY Press, 1999) ISBN 079144103, p. 32.</ref>

Upon being “purged” from [[Agricultural Adjustment Administration]],<ref>http://homepages.nyu.edu/~th15/pressmanx.html</ref> Communist lawyer [[Lee Pressman]] was immediately hired back into the government by Hopkins, who apparently had little regard for the law; according to Pressman, Hopkins told him, “The first time you tell me I can’t do what I want to do, you’re fired. I’m going to decide what I think has to be done and it’s up to you to see to it that it’s legal.” <ref>Gilbert J. Gall, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xCYoLnaWXdoC Pursuing Justice: Lee Pressman, the New Deal, and the CIO]'' (New York: SUNY Press, 1999) ISBN 079144103, p. 32.</ref>

Hopkins started programs for youth ([[National Youth Administration]]) and for artists and writers ("Federal One"). He and Eleanor Roosevelt worked together to publicize and defend New Deal relief programs. He was concerned with rural areas but more and more focused on cities in the great depression. Critics charged that his WPA, with 2 million men employed, who voted 90% Democratic, was the first national political machine. If Hopkins had plans for becoming president they were shattered in 1940 by the [[Hatch Act]] which made it illegal to use the WPA for political purposes. Roosevelt biographer John Flynn observed, " It became a part of Mr. Hopkins' WPA organization to learn how many of the down-and-­out had enough devotion to Franklin D. Roosevelt to be entitled to eat." <ref>''The Roosevelt Myth'', John T. Flynn, Fox and Wilkes, 1948, Book 1, Ch. 6, [http://www.rooseveltmyth.com/book/fdrmyth_Chapter_Four___Harry_the_Hop_and.htm ''Harry the Hop and the Happy Hot Dogs'']</ref> Hopkins' performances in WPA became such that he had to leave that position after the 1938 elections were over and was appointed [[Secretary of Commerce]].  Significantly, one old associate who moved with Hopkins into his new world was [[David K. Niles]] who had been his chief political adviser and campaign strategist.<ref>''Roosevelt and Hopkins : An Intimate History'', Robert E. Sherwood, New York Harper and Brothers, 1948, [http://americandeception.com/index.php?action=downloadpdf&photo=/PDFsml_AD/Roosevelt_and_Hopkins-An_Intimate_History-Robert_E_Sherwood-1948-1034pgs-GOV-POL.sml.pdf&id=252&PHPSESSID=03d3557b41f249f71349e6d730cc8498 pg. 129] pdf.</ref>  A little more than a year and a half later Hopkins moved to the [[White House]] as a close presidential confidant, adviser and resident, paid a salary that was never authorized by Congress.

Hopkins started programs for youth ([[National Youth Administration]]) and for artists and writers ("Federal One"). He and Eleanor Roosevelt worked together to publicize and defend New Deal relief programs. He was concerned with rural areas but more and more focused on cities in the great depression. Critics charged that his WPA, with 2 million men employed, who voted 90% Democratic, was the first national political machine. If Hopkins had plans for becoming president they were shattered in 1940 by the [[Hatch Act]] which made it illegal to use the WPA for political purposes. Roosevelt biographer John Flynn observed, " It became a part of Mr. Hopkins' WPA organization to learn how many of the down-and-­out had enough devotion to Franklin D. Roosevelt to be entitled to eat." <ref>''The Roosevelt Myth'', John T. Flynn, Fox and Wilkes, 1948, Book 1, Ch. 6, [http://www.rooseveltmyth.com/book/fdrmyth_Chapter_Four___Harry_the_Hop_and.htm ''Harry the Hop and the Happy Hot Dogs'']</ref> Hopkins' performances in WPA became such that he had to leave that position after the 1938 elections were over and was appointed [[Secretary of Commerce]].  Significantly, one old associate who moved with Hopkins into his new world was [[David K. Niles]] who had been his chief political adviser and campaign strategist.<ref>''Roosevelt and Hopkins : An Intimate History'', Robert E. Sherwood, New York Harper and Brothers, 1948, [http://americandeception.com/index.php?action=downloadpdf&photo=/PDFsml_AD/Roosevelt_and_Hopkins-An_Intimate_History-Robert_E_Sherwood-1948-1034pgs-GOV-POL.sml.pdf&id=252&PHPSESSID=03d3557b41f249f71349e6d730cc8498 pg. 129] pdf.</ref>  A little more than a year and a half later Hopkins moved to the [[White House]] as a close presidential confidant, adviser and resident, paid a salary that was never authorized by Congress.

===The Zarubin Affair===

===The Zarubin Affair===

In 1943, [[Vasily Zarubin]], NKVD station chief in the U.S. from 1941 to 1944, was transferred from the Soviet Embassy in Washington to the San Francisco consulate, under cover as a diplomat called "Zubilin." Shortly thereafter, Zubilin gave Soviet agent "[[Steve Nelson]]"u (Stjepan Mesaros) ten bills of unknown denominations.<ref>Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, 81st Cong., 1st sess., [http://ia311304.us.archive.org/1/items/hearingsregarding1949unit/hearingsregarding1949unit_bw.pdf Hearings Regarding Steve Nelson] (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1949), pp VIII-IX (PDF pp. 12-13)</ref> This interaction was recorded by an FBI "bug" planted in Nelson's residence.<ref>Athan G. Theoharis, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=C3_eAAAAMAAJ Chasing Spies: How the FBI Failed in Counter-Intelligence But Promoted the Politics of McCarthyism in the Cold War Years]'' (Ivan Dee, 2002) ISBN 1566634202, p. 62</ref> On May 7, 1943, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover informed Hopkins:

In 1943, [[Vasily Zarubin]], NKVD station chief in the U.S. from 1941 to 1944, was transferred from the Soviet Embassy in Washington to the San Francisco consulate, under cover as a diplomat called "Zubilin." Shortly thereafter, Zubilin gave Soviet agent "[[Steve Nelson]]"u (Stjepan Mesaros) ten bills of unknown denominations.<ref>Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, 81st Cong., 1st sess., [http://ia311304.us.archive.org/1/items/hearingsregarding1949unit/hearingsregarding1949unit_bw.pdf Hearings Regarding Steve Nelson] (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1949), pp VIII-IX (PDF pp. 12-13)</ref> This interaction was recorded by an FBI "bug" planted in Nelson's residence.<ref>Athan G. Theoharis, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=C3_eAAAAMAAJ Chasing Spies: How the FBI Failed in Counter-Intelligence But Promoted the Politics of McCarthyism in the Cold War Years]'' (Ivan Dee, 2002) ISBN 1566634202, p. 62</ref> On May 7, 1943, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover informed Hopkins:

{{cquote|Through a highly confidential and reliable source it has been determined that on April 10, 1943, a Russian who is an agent of the Communist International paid a sum of money to Steve Nelson, National Committeeman of the Communist Party, USA, at the latter’s home in Oakland, California. The money was reportedly paid to Nelson for the purpose of placing Communist Party members and Comintern agents in industries engaged in secret war production for the United States Government so that information could be obtained for transmittal to the Soviet Union.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/venona-soviet-espionage-and-the-american-response-1939-1957/9.gif/image.gif 9. Hoover to Hopkins, 7 May, 1943], [https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/venona-soviet-espionage-and-the-american-response-1939-1957/9a.gif/image.gif Page 2], Robert Louis Benson and Michael Warner, eds., ''[https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/venona-soviet-espionage-and-the-american-response-1939-1957/venona.htm Venona: Soviet Espionage and The American Response,  1939-1957]'' (NSA/CIA, 1996)</ref>}}

{{cquote|Through a highly confidential and reliable source it has been determined that on April 10, 1943, a Russian who is an agent of the Communist International paid a sum of money to Steve Nelson, National Committeeman of the Communist Party, USA, at the latter’s home in Oakland, California. The money was reportedly paid to Nelson for the purpose of placing Communist Party members and Comintern agents in industries engaged in secret war production for the United States Government so that information could be obtained for transmittal to the Soviet Union.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/venona-soviet-espionage-and-the-american-response-1939-1957/9.gif/image.gif 9. Hoover to Hopkins, 7 May, 1943], [https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/venona-soviet-espionage-and-the-american-response-1939-1957/9a.gif/image.gif Page 2], Robert Louis Benson and Michael Warner, eds., ''[https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/venona-soviet-espionage-and-the-american-response-1939-1957/venona.htm Venona: Soviet Espionage and The American Response,  1939-1957]'' (NSA/CIA, 1996)</ref>}}

Instead of notifying the President of this atomic espionage, Hopkins immediately tipped off the Soviets that the FBI was onto them. A document in the KGB files copied by former KGB agent Vasili Mitrokhin and smuggled out of Russia by British intelligence in 1992 reveals that Hopkins

Instead of notifying the President of this atomic espionage, Hopkins immediately tipped off the Soviets that the FBI was onto them. A document in the KGB files copied by former KGB agent Vasili Mitrokhin and smuggled out of Russia by British intelligence in 1992 reveals that Hopkins

{{cquote|privately warned the Soviet embassy in Washington that the FBI had bugged a secret meeting at which Zarubin (also known as Zubilin) had passed money to Steve Nelson, a leading member of the U.S. Communist underground.<ref>Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=9TWUAQ7Xof8C The Sword and the Shield, The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB]'' (Basic Books, 2000) ISBN 0465003125, p. 111</ref>}}

{{cquote|privately warned the Soviet embassy in Washington that the FBI had bugged a secret meeting at which Zarubin (also known as Zubilin) had passed money to Steve Nelson, a leading member of the U.S. Communist underground.<ref>Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=9TWUAQ7Xof8C The Sword and the Shield, The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB]'' (Basic Books, 2000) ISBN 0465003125, p. 111</ref>}}

In an endnote (Note 64, p.&nbsp;594), Mitrokhin and his co-author, [http://www.hist.cam.ac.uk/directory/cma1001@cam.ac.uk Cambridge University Professor] Christopher Andrew ("[http://pajamasmedia.com/ronradosh/2009/08/10/the-debate-over-soviet-espionage-what-nicholas-lemann-of-the-new-yorker-gets-wrong/ dean of British historians of Soviet espionage]") comment:

In an endnote (Note 64, p.&nbsp;594), Mitrokhin and his co-author, [http://www.hist.cam.ac.uk/directory/cma1001@cam.ac.uk Cambridge University Professor] Christopher Andrew ("[http://pajamasmedia.com/ronradosh/2009/08/10/the-debate-over-soviet-espionage-what-nicholas-lemann-of-the-new-yorker-gets-wrong/ dean of British historians of Soviet espionage]") comment:

{{cquote|Hopkins had been personally briefed by Hoover on Zarubin’s visit to Nelson (Benson and Warner (Eds.), ''VENONA'', Document 9). Hoover would doubtless have been outraged had he known that Hopkins had informed the Soviet embassy.}}

{{cquote|Hopkins had been personally briefed by Hoover on Zarubin’s visit to Nelson (Benson and Warner (Eds.), ''VENONA'', Document 9). Hoover would doubtless have been outraged had he known that Hopkins had informed the Soviet embassy.}}

This incident persuaded Ray Wannall, former FBI assistant director for counterintelligence, that Hopkins was indeed a Soviet agent,<ref>Reed Irvine, "[http://www.aim.org/publications/aim_report/1999/10a.htm The Scandal Of The Century]," ''AIM Report'', October 1999</ref> Just as  [[Iskhak Akhmerov]], the leading [[NKVD]] illegal in the [[United States]], had claimed in a lecture before a [[KGB]] audience.<ref>Allen Weinstein, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=YRyoAAAAIAAJ&pgis Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Case]'' (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978) ISBN 0394495462 p. 325</ref>

This incident persuaded Ray Wannall, former FBI assistant director for counterintelligence, that Hopkins was indeed a Soviet agent,<ref>Reed Irvine, "[http://www.aim.org/publications/aim_report/1999/10a.htm The Scandal Of The Century]," ''AIM Report'', October 1999</ref> Just as  [[Iskhak Akhmerov]], the leading [[NKVD]] illegal in the [[United States]], had claimed in a lecture before a [[KGB]] audience.<ref>Allen Weinstein, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YRyoAAAAIAAJ&pgis Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Case]'' (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978) ISBN 0394495462 p. 325</ref>

===Zamestitel===

===Zamestitel===

Recent scholarship has concluded that [[Venona project]] codename ''Zamestitel'' (English translation, "Deputy"), is Harry Hopkins.<ref>Herbert Romerstein and Eric Breindel. ''The Venona Secrets: Exposing Soviet Espionage and America's Traitors''. Washington, DC: Regnery, 2000.</ref><ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3827/is_200107/ai_n8970062 Reds in the White House], by William P. Hoar, Human Events,  Summer 2001. Review of Romerstein and Breindel, ''The Venona Secrets''. [http://books.google.com/books?id=NEEJrm38jLAC&pg=PA212&dq=Romerstein%2Bhopkins#v=onepage&q=Romerstein%2Bhopkins&f=false]</ref><ref>[http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-6/de_toledo2.html Interview with Ralph de Toledano], Episode 6: Reds.</ref> Eduard Mark, historian at the United States Air Force Academy, builds a case that if Zamestitel is [[Henry Wallace]], as some have hypothesized, than agent 19 <ref>812 Venona 29 May 1943, "19 reports on Roosevelt/Churchill meetings," [http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1943/29may_roosevelt_churchill.pdf].</ref> at the Trident conference is Hopkins.<ref>Eduard Mark, ''Venona's Source 19 and the 'Trident' Conference of May 1943: Diplomacy or Espionage'', Intelligence and National Security 13, no. 2 (Summer 1998), 1-31.</ref>  Mark argues on the basis of a close reading of the attendance records of the Trident conference and other evidence that he located that the most likely Deputy (Zamestitel) was Wallace and Source no. 19 was Hopkins. Source no. 19 was very highly placed in as much as he was asked to join a private conversation with President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill. Source no. 19 reported on a private conversation he had with Roosevelt and Churchill during the just ended 'Trident' conference of the two Allied powers in Washington.  Source no. 19 reported on Churchill's views on why a 1943 Anglo-American invasion of continental Europe was inadvisable.  The message also reported that Zamestitel supported a second-front and that it appeared that Roosevelt had been keeping Zamestitel in the dark about "important military decisions." The message, from the New York KGB office to Moscow, is signed by the [[KGB illegal]] officer, [[Iskhak Akhmerov]].  It states "19 reports that Kapitan [Roosevelt] and Kaban [Churchill], during conversations in the Country [USA], invited 19 to join them and Zamestitel."  In the 1960s, Akhmerov professed at a secret meeting of Soviet intelligence officers that Harry Hopkins was "the most important of all Soviet wartime agents in the United States."<ref>[http://www.academia.org/campus_reports/2000/november_2000_4.html What Your Textbooks Won't Tell You About the Cold War], Dan Flynn, Accuracy in Academia.</ref>

Recent scholarship has concluded that [[Venona project]] codename ''Zamestitel'' (English translation, "Deputy"), is Harry Hopkins.<ref>Herbert Romerstein and Eric Breindel. ''The Venona Secrets: Exposing Soviet Espionage and America's Traitors''. Washington, DC: Regnery, 2000.</ref><ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3827/is_200107/ai_n8970062 Reds in the White House], by William P. Hoar, Human Events,  Summer 2001. Review of Romerstein and Breindel, ''The Venona Secrets''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NEEJrm38jLAC&pg=PA212&dq=Romerstein%2Bhopkins#v=onepage&q=Romerstein%2Bhopkins&f=false]</ref><ref>[http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-6/de_toledo2.html Interview with Ralph de Toledano], Episode 6: Reds.</ref> Eduard Mark, historian at the United States Air Force Academy, builds a case that if Zamestitel is [[Henry Wallace]], as some have hypothesized, than agent 19 <ref>812 Venona 29 May 1943, "19 reports on Roosevelt/Churchill meetings," [http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1943/29may_roosevelt_churchill.pdf].</ref> at the Trident conference is Hopkins.<ref>Eduard Mark, ''Venona's Source 19 and the 'Trident' Conference of May 1943: Diplomacy or Espionage'', Intelligence and National Security 13, no. 2 (Summer 1998), 1-31.</ref>  Mark argues on the basis of a close reading of the attendance records of the Trident conference and other evidence that he located that the most likely Deputy (Zamestitel) was Wallace and Source no. 19 was Hopkins. Source no. 19 was very highly placed in as much as he was asked to join a private conversation with President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill. Source no. 19 reported on a private conversation he had with Roosevelt and Churchill during the just ended 'Trident' conference of the two Allied powers in Washington.  Source no. 19 reported on Churchill's views on why a 1943 Anglo-American invasion of continental Europe was inadvisable.  The message also reported that Zamestitel supported a second-front and that it appeared that Roosevelt had been keeping Zamestitel in the dark about "important military decisions." The message, from the New York KGB office to Moscow, is signed by the [[KGB illegal]] officer, [[Iskhak Akhmerov]].  It states "19 reports that Kapitan [Roosevelt] and Kaban [Churchill], during conversations in the Country [USA], invited 19 to join them and Zamestitel."  In the 1960s, Akhmerov professed at a secret meeting of Soviet intelligence officers that Harry Hopkins was "the most important of all Soviet wartime agents in the United States."<ref>[http://www.academia.org/campus_reports/2000/november_2000_4.html What Your Textbooks Won't Tell You About the Cold War], Dan Flynn, Accuracy in Academia.</ref>

===Other Venona related documents===

===Other Venona related documents===