Changes

An April 14, 1941 Memorandum from the U.S. Military Attaché (G-2) in Moscow, found in the Harry Hopkins Papers at the FDR Library, entitled ''NKVD of the USSR'',<ref>

An April 14, 1941 Memorandum from the U.S. Military Attaché (G-2) in Moscow, found in the Harry Hopkins Papers at the FDR Library, entitled ''NKVD of the USSR'',<ref>

  Joseph A. Michela, Military Attaché Moscow Report 1903, [https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/venona-soviet-espionage-and-the-american-response-1939-1957/part1.htm''N.K.V.D. of the U.S.S.R.,''] 14 April 1941, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Harry Hopkins Papers, "MID Reports--USSR--Volume V," box 190.</ref> it states in part,

  Joseph A. Michela, Military Attaché Moscow Report 1903, [https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/venona-soviet-espionage-and-the-american-response-1939-1957/part1.htm''N.K.V.D. of the U.S.S.R.,''] 14 April 1941, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Harry Hopkins Papers, "MID Reports--USSR--Volume V," box 190.</ref> it states in part,

{{Cquote|Although the Soviets disclaim [[forced labor]] in this country, the organization of this commissariat is interesting to note.  In it are the means to apprehend (militia), try and sentence (advisory council) and imprison offenders ([[Gulag|corrective labor]]).  Any governmental organization that has a crying need for labor simply calls upon the NKVD to supply it.  If the amount of labor is insufficient to supply the need, it is relatively an easy matter to institute a reign of [[terror]] on any pretext and fill up labor colonies<ref>See for example [http://web.archive.org/web/20080616114405/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,789421,00.html 32,000 & Mrs. Rubens], ''[[Time magazine]]'', Feb. 07, 1938 on the [http://www.documentstalk.com/wp/the-%E2%80%9Cmary-martin%E2%80%9D-note-in-alger-hiss%E2%80%99s-handwriting#fnref-659-8 Rubens-Robinson case]; "The camp contains about 32,000 prisoners. They are kept there until [[death]] results from hard work, bad food and consequent sickness. I met two [[American]] citizens in the camp, Arthur Hanley, a chemical engineer from California, and Edward Rose, a machinist from Boston, Mass. They said they came to Russia in 1921 as volunteer workers. Rose said he was [[arrest]]ed in Leningrad in 1923. Hanley was caught trying to escape from Russia to Latvia in 1925. Each was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment, but, although they have served out their sentences, they are still being held. They told me they know of three other native-born Americans who are held prisoner in other Soviet camps....Mrs. Ruth Marie Rubens (alias Robinson), one U.S. citizen officially known to be in jail in Moscow (''TIME'', Dec. 27 [1937]).  In Moscow on December 9...U.S. Charge d'Affaires Loy W. Henderson learned that Mrs. Rubens had "disappeared"' from the big Hotel National next door to the U.S. Embassy. On January 18 [1938] the Soviet Foreign Office finally admitted that Mrs. Rubens was under arrest, failed to say on what charge...." The Robinson's evidently had been [[Trotskyite]]s.</ref> to meet requirements....Its close supervision over the people, its [[pogroms]], its raids and arrests, has instilled fear...[http://web.archive.org/web/20040423034159/www.cia.gov/csi/books/venona/5d.gif]...The NKVD has every individual under observation from birth to death...its secret agents are everywhere; its actions are swift.  An individual simply disappears in the middle of the night and no one ever sees or hears of him again. ...When Stalin needs scapegoats to cover government mistakes he unleashes his NKVD...The Soviet Union is in itself a prison and the NKVD and State Security are its keepers. [http://web.archive.org/web/20040423034159/www.cia.gov/csi/books/venona/5d.gif]}}

{{Cquote|Although the Soviets disclaim [[forced labor]] in this country, the organization of this commissariat is interesting to note.  In it are the means to apprehend (militia), try and sentence (advisory council) and imprison offenders ([[Gulag|corrective labor]]).  Any governmental organization that has a crying need for labor simply calls upon the NKVD to supply it.  If the amount of labor is insufficient to supply the need, it is relatively an easy matter to institute a reign of [[terror]] on any pretext and fill up labor colonies<ref>See for example [https://web.archive.org/web/20080616114405/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,789421,00.html 32,000 & Mrs. Rubens], ''[[Time magazine]]'', Feb. 07, 1938 on the [http://www.documentstalk.com/wp/the-%E2%80%9Cmary-martin%E2%80%9D-note-in-alger-hiss%E2%80%99s-handwriting#fnref-659-8 Rubens-Robinson case]; "The camp contains about 32,000 prisoners. They are kept there until [[death]] results from hard work, bad food and consequent sickness. I met two [[American]] citizens in the camp, Arthur Hanley, a chemical engineer from California, and Edward Rose, a machinist from Boston, Mass. They said they came to Russia in 1921 as volunteer workers. Rose said he was [[arrest]]ed in Leningrad in 1923. Hanley was caught trying to escape from Russia to Latvia in 1925. Each was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment, but, although they have served out their sentences, they are still being held. They told me they know of three other native-born Americans who are held prisoner in other Soviet camps....Mrs. Ruth Marie Rubens (alias Robinson), one U.S. citizen officially known to be in jail in Moscow (''TIME'', Dec. 27 [1937]).  In Moscow on December 9...U.S. Charge d'Affaires Loy W. Henderson learned that Mrs. Rubens had "disappeared"' from the big Hotel National next door to the U.S. Embassy. On January 18 [1938] the Soviet Foreign Office finally admitted that Mrs. Rubens was under arrest, failed to say on what charge...." The Robinson's evidently had been [[Trotskyite]]s.</ref> to meet requirements....Its close supervision over the people, its [[pogroms]], its raids and arrests, has instilled fear...[https://web.archive.org/web/20040423034159/www.cia.gov/csi/books/venona/5d.gif]...The NKVD has every individual under observation from birth to death...its secret agents are everywhere; its actions are swift.  An individual simply disappears in the middle of the night and no one ever sees or hears of him again. ...When Stalin needs scapegoats to cover government mistakes he unleashes his NKVD...The Soviet Union is in itself a prison and the NKVD and State Security are its keepers. [https://web.archive.org/web/20040423034159/www.cia.gov/csi/books/venona/5d.gif]}}

==See also==

==See also==

* Adams, Henry Hitch. ''Harry Hopkins: A Biography'' (1977)

* Adams, Henry Hitch. ''Harry Hopkins: A Biography'' (1977)

* Charles, Searle F. ''Minister of Relief: Harry Hopkins and the Depression'' (1963)

* Charles, Searle F. ''Minister of Relief: Harry Hopkins and the Depression'' (1963)

* Hopkins, June. ''Harry Hopkins: Sudden Hero, Brash Reformer'' (1999) biography by HH's granddaughter. [http://www.amazon.com/Harry-Hopkins-Roosevelt-Institute-Diplomatic/dp/0312212062/ref=pd_bbs_sr_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196507730&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]

* Hopkins, June. ''Harry Hopkins: Sudden Hero, Brash Reformer'' (1999) biography by HH's granddaughter. [https://www.amazon.com/Harry-Hopkins-Roosevelt-Institute-Diplomatic/dp/0312212062/ref=pd_bbs_sr_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196507730&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]

* McJimsey George T. ''Harry Hopkins: Ally of the Poor and Defender of Democracy'' (1987), biography.  

* McJimsey George T. ''Harry Hopkins: Ally of the Poor and Defender of Democracy'' (1987), biography.  

* Meriam; Lewis. ''Relief and Social Security'' The Brookings Institution. (1946). Highly detailed analysis and statistical summary of all New Deal relief programs; 900 pages [http://www.questia.com/library/book/relief-and-social-security-by-lewis-meriam.jsp online edition]

* Meriam; Lewis. ''Relief and Social Security'' The Brookings Institution. (1946). Highly detailed analysis and statistical summary of all New Deal relief programs; 900 pages [http://www.questia.com/library/book/relief-and-social-security-by-lewis-meriam.jsp online edition]

* Sherwood, Robert E. ''Roosevelt and Hopkins'' (1948), memoir by senior FDR aide; Pulitzer Prize. [http://www.questia.com/library/book/roosevelt-and-hopkins-an-intimate-history-by-robert-e-sherwood.jsp online edition]

* Sherwood, Robert E. ''Roosevelt and Hopkins'' (1948), memoir by senior FDR aide; Pulitzer Prize. [http://www.questia.com/library/book/roosevelt-and-hopkins-an-intimate-history-by-robert-e-sherwood.jsp online edition]

* Singleton, Jeff. ''The American Dole: Unemployment Relief and the Welfare State in the Great Depression'' (2000) [http://www.amazon.com/American-Dole-Unemployment-Depression-Contributions/dp/0313314004/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196504261&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]

* Singleton, Jeff. ''The American Dole: Unemployment Relief and the Welfare State in the Great Depression'' (2000) [https://www.amazon.com/American-Dole-Unemployment-Depression-Contributions/dp/0313314004/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196504261&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]

*Smith, Jason Scott. ''Building New Deal [[Liberalism]]: The Political Economy of Public Works, 1933-1956'' (2005)

*Smith, Jason Scott. ''Building New Deal [[Liberalism]]: The Political Economy of Public Works, 1933-1956'' (2005)

*  Williams; Edward Ainsworth ''Federal Aid for Relief'' (1939) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/federal-aid-for-relief-by-edward-ainsworth-williams.jsp online edition]

*  Williams; Edward Ainsworth ''Federal Aid for Relief'' (1939) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/federal-aid-for-relief-by-edward-ainsworth-williams.jsp online edition]

* Reynolds, David. ''The Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance 1937-1941: A Study on Competitive Cooperation'' (1981)

* Reynolds, David. ''The Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance 1937-1941: A Study on Competitive Cooperation'' (1981)

* Sherwood, Robert E. ''Roosevelt and Hopkins'' (1948), memoir by senior FDR aide; Pulitzer Prize. [http://www.questia.com/library/book/roosevelt-and-hopkins-an-intimate-history-by-robert-e-sherwood.jsp online edition]

* Sherwood, Robert E. ''Roosevelt and Hopkins'' (1948), memoir by senior FDR aide; Pulitzer Prize. [http://www.questia.com/library/book/roosevelt-and-hopkins-an-intimate-history-by-robert-e-sherwood.jsp online edition]

*Woods, Randall Bennett. ''A Changing of the Guard: Anglo-American Relations, 1941-1946'' (1990) [http://www.amazon.com/Changing-Guard-Anglo-american-Relations-1941-1946/dp/0807818771/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196507948&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]

*Woods, Randall Bennett. ''A Changing of the Guard: Anglo-American Relations, 1941-1946'' (1990) [https://www.amazon.com/Changing-Guard-Anglo-american-Relations-1941-1946/dp/0807818771/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196507948&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]

* Wills, Matthew B.  ''Wartime Missions of Harry L. Hopkins'' (2005), 105pp

* Wills, Matthew B.  ''Wartime Missions of Harry L. Hopkins'' (2005), 105pp

===Primary sources===

===Primary sources===

* Lowitt, Richard and Beardsley Maurice, eds. ''One Third of a Nation: Lorena Hickock Reports on the Great Depression'' (1981) secret reports sent to Hopkins; [http://www.amazon.com/One-Third-Nation-Reports-Depression/dp/0252010965/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196512781&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]

* Lowitt, Richard and Beardsley Maurice, eds. ''One Third of a Nation: Lorena Hickock Reports on the Great Depression'' (1981) secret reports sent to Hopkins; [https://www.amazon.com/One-Third-Nation-Reports-Depression/dp/0252010965/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196512781&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]

* McElvaine, Robert S.  ''Down & out in the Great Depression: Letters from the "Forgotten Man"'' (1983); letters to Harry Hopkins; [http://www.questia.com/library/book/down-and-out-in-the-great-depression-letters-from-the-forgotten-man-by-robert-s-mcelvaine.jsp online edition]

* McElvaine, Robert S.  ''Down & out in the Great Depression: Letters from the "Forgotten Man"'' (1983); letters to Harry Hopkins; [http://www.questia.com/library/book/down-and-out-in-the-great-depression-letters-from-the-forgotten-man-by-robert-s-mcelvaine.jsp online edition]

==External links==

==External links==

*[http://www.nps.gov/elro/glossary/hopkins-harry.htm Harry Hopkins, The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers]

*[http://www.nps.gov/elro/glossary/hopkins-harry.htm Harry Hopkins, The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers]

*[http://www.archives.gov/legislative/guide/senate/chapter-18-1921-1946.html#18D-8 Special Committee to Investigate Unemployment and Relief] (June 10, 1937).  

*[https://www.archives.gov/legislative/guide/senate/chapter-18-1921-1946.html#18D-8 Special Committee to Investigate Unemployment and Relief] (June 10, 1937).  

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hopkins, Harry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hopkins, Harry}}