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* Kayali, Hasan. ''Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1918'' (1997); [http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft7n39p1dn/?&query=&brand=ucpress complete text online]
* Kayali, Hasan. ''Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1918'' (1997); [http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft7n39p1dn/?&query=&brand=ucpress complete text online]
* Kushner, David. ''The Rise of Turkish Nationalism, 1876–1908.'' 1977.
* Kushner, David. ''The Rise of Turkish Nationalism, 1876–1908.'' 1977.
* Miller, William. ''The Ottoman Empire, 1801–1913.'' (1913) [http://books.google.com/books?id=1wpFAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:The+intitle:Ottoman+intitle:Empire+intitle:1801+intitle:1913&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES full text online]
* Miller, William. ''The Ottoman Empire, 1801–1913.'' (1913) [https://books.google.com/books?id=1wpFAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:The+intitle:Ottoman+intitle:Empire+intitle:1801+intitle:1913&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES full text online]
* Owen, Roger. ''The Middle East in the World Economy, 1800–1914.'' (1981)
* Owen, Roger. ''The Middle East in the World Economy, 1800–1914.'' (1981)
* Quataert, Donald. ''Social Disintegration and Popular Resistance in the Ottoman Empire, 1881–1908.'' 1983.
* Quataert, Donald. ''Social Disintegration and Popular Resistance in the Ottoman Empire, 1881–1908.'' 1983.