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==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
* Barkey, Karen. ''Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective.'' (2008) 357pp [http://www.amazon.com/Empire-Difference-Ottomans-Comparative-Perspective/dp/0521715334/ref=sr_1_7?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1240307430&sr=1-7 excerpt and text search]
* Barkey, Karen. ''Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective.'' (2008) 357pp [https://www.amazon.com/Empire-Difference-Ottomans-Comparative-Perspective/dp/0521715334/ref=sr_1_7?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1240307430&sr=1-7 excerpt and text search]
* Braude, Benjamin, and Bernard Lewis, eds. ''Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire: The Functioning of a Plural Society '' (1982) [http://www.questia.com/read/52272246 online edition]
* Braude, Benjamin, and Bernard Lewis, eds. ''Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire: The Functioning of a Plural Society '' (1982) [http://www.questia.com/read/52272246 online edition]
* Clot, André. ''Suleiman the Magnificent.'' 1993. 399 pp
* Clot, André. ''Suleiman the Magnificent.'' 1993. 399 pp
* Finkel, Caroline. '' Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire'' (2006), standard scholarly survey [http://www.amazon.com/Osmans-Dream-History-Ottoman-Empire/dp/0465023967/ref=sr_1_6?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196874589&sr=8-6 excerpt and text search]
* Finkel, Caroline. '' Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire'' (2006), standard scholarly survey [https://www.amazon.com/Osmans-Dream-History-Ottoman-Empire/dp/0465023967/ref=sr_1_6?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196874589&sr=8-6 excerpt and text search]
* Goffman, Daniel. ''The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe'' (2002) [http://www.questia.com/read/107381987 online edition]
* Goffman, Daniel. ''The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe'' (2002) [http://www.questia.com/read/107381987 online edition]
* Goodwin, Jason. ''Lords of the Horizons: A History of the Ottoman Empire'' (2003) [http://www.amazon.com/Lords-Horizons-History-Ottoman-Empire/dp/0312420668/ref=sr_1_16?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196874589&sr=8-16 excerpt and text search]
* Goodwin, Jason. ''Lords of the Horizons: A History of the Ottoman Empire'' (2003) [https://www.amazon.com/Lords-Horizons-History-Ottoman-Empire/dp/0312420668/ref=sr_1_16?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196874589&sr=8-16 excerpt and text search]
* Heywood, Colin. ''Writing Ottoman History: Documents and Interpretations.'' Ashgate, 2002. 376 pp.
* Heywood, Colin. ''Writing Ottoman History: Documents and Interpretations.'' Ashgate, 2002. 376 pp.
* Holt, P. M. ''Egypt and the Fertile Crescent, 1516–1922: A Political History.'' 1966.
* Holt, P. M. ''Egypt and the Fertile Crescent, 1516–1922: A Political History.'' 1966.
* McCarthy, Justin. ''The Ottoman Turks: An Introductory History to 1923'' 1997 [http://www.questia.com/read/58745078 online edition]
* McCarthy, Justin. ''The Ottoman Turks: An Introductory History to 1923'' 1997 [http://www.questia.com/read/58745078 online edition]
* Murphy, Rhoads ''Ottoman Warfare 1500-1700'' (1999) 278 pp.
* Murphy, Rhoads ''Ottoman Warfare 1500-1700'' (1999) 278 pp.
* Ochsenwald, William, and Sydney Nettleton Fisher. ''The Middle East: A History'' (2003) [http://www.amazon.com/Middle-East-History-William-Ochsenwald/dp/0072442336/ref=sr_1_14?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196874166&sr=8-14 excerpt and text search]
* Ochsenwald, William, and Sydney Nettleton Fisher. ''The Middle East: A History'' (2003) [https://www.amazon.com/Middle-East-History-William-Ochsenwald/dp/0072442336/ref=sr_1_14?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196874166&sr=8-14 excerpt and text search]
* Pamuk, Sevket. ''A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire.'' 1999. 276 pp.
* Pamuk, Sevket. ''A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire.'' 1999. 276 pp.
* Parry, V.J. ''A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730'' (1976)
* Parry, V.J. ''A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730'' (1976)
* Pierce, Leslie P. ''The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire.'' 1993. 374 pp.
* Pierce, Leslie P. ''The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire.'' 1993. 374 pp.
* Quataert, Donald. ''The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922'' (2005), standard scholarly survey [http://www.amazon.com/Ottoman-1700-1922-Approaches-European-History/dp/0521547822/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196874589&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
* Quataert, Donald. ''The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922'' (2005), standard scholarly survey [https://www.amazon.com/Ottoman-1700-1922-Approaches-European-History/dp/0521547822/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196874589&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
* Shaw, Stanford J., and Ezel Kural Shaw. ''History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Vol. 1, '' 1977.
* Shaw, Stanford J., and Ezel Kural Shaw. ''History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Vol. 1, '' 1977.
* Somel, Selcuk Aksin. ''Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire.'' (2003). 399 pp.
* Somel, Selcuk Aksin. ''Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire.'' (2003). 399 pp.
* Arnold, Guy. ''Historical Dictionary of the Crimean War.'' (2002). 179 pp.
* Arnold, Guy. ''Historical Dictionary of the Crimean War.'' (2002). 179 pp.
* Black, Cyril E., and L. Carl Brown. ''Modernization in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire and Its Afro-Asian Successors.'' 1992.
* Black, Cyril E., and L. Carl Brown. ''Modernization in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire and Its Afro-Asian Successors.'' 1992.
* Erickson, Edward J. ''Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War'' (2000) [http://www.amazon.com/Ordered-Die-History-Contributions-Military/dp/0313315167/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196874166&sr=8-5 excerpt and text search]
* Erickson, Edward J. ''Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War'' (2000) [https://www.amazon.com/Ordered-Die-History-Contributions-Military/dp/0313315167/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196874166&sr=8-5 excerpt and text search]
* Faroqhi, Suraiya. ''Subjects of the Sultan: Culture and Daily Life in the Ottoman Empire.'' (2000) 358 pp.
* Faroqhi, Suraiya. ''Subjects of the Sultan: Culture and Daily Life in the Ottoman Empire.'' (2000) 358 pp.
* Findley, Carter. ''Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire.'' 1980.
* Findley, Carter. ''Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire.'' 1980.
* Fortna, Benjamin C. ''Imperial Classroom: Islam, the State, and Education in the Late Ottoman Empire.'' (2002) 280 pp.
* Fortna, Benjamin C. ''Imperial Classroom: Islam, the State, and Education in the Late Ottoman Empire.'' (2002) 280 pp.
* Fromkin, David. ''A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East'' (2001) [http://www.amazon.com/Peace-End-All-Ottoman-Creation/dp/0805068848/ref=sr_1_10?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196874166&sr=8-10 excerpt and text search]
* Fromkin, David. ''A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East'' (2001) [https://www.amazon.com/Peace-End-All-Ottoman-Creation/dp/0805068848/ref=sr_1_10?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196874166&sr=8-10 excerpt and text search]
* Göçek, Fatma Müge. ''Rise of the Bourgeoisie, Demise of Empire: Ottoman Westernization and Social Change.'' (1996). 220 pp.
* Göçek, Fatma Müge. ''Rise of the Bourgeoisie, Demise of Empire: Ottoman Westernization and Social Change.'' (1996). 220 pp.
* Hale, William. ''Turkish Foreign Policy, 1774-2000.'' (2000). 375 pp.
* Hale, William. ''Turkish Foreign Policy, 1774-2000.'' (2000). 375 pp.
* Owen, Roger. ''The Middle East in the World Economy, 1800–1914.'' (1981)
* Owen, Roger. ''The Middle East in the World Economy, 1800–1914.'' (1981)
* Quataert, Donald. ''Social Disintegration and Popular Resistance in the Ottoman Empire, 1881–1908.'' 1983.
* Quataert, Donald. ''Social Disintegration and Popular Resistance in the Ottoman Empire, 1881–1908.'' 1983.
* Shaw, Stanford J., and Ezel Kural Shaw. ''History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Vol. 2, Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey, 1808–1975.'' (1977). [http://www.amazon.com/History-Ottoman-Empire-Modern-Turkey/dp/0521291666/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196874166&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
* Shaw, Stanford J., and Ezel Kural Shaw. ''History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Vol. 2, Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey, 1808–1975.'' (1977). [https://www.amazon.com/History-Ottoman-Empire-Modern-Turkey/dp/0521291666/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196874166&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
* Toledano, Ehud R. ''The Ottoman Slave Trade and Its Suppression, 1840–1890.'' (1982)
* Toledano, Ehud R. ''The Ottoman Slave Trade and Its Suppression, 1840–1890.'' (1982)