Changes

Atheism, as defined by the ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', the ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', and other [[philosophy]] reference works, is the denial of the existence of [[God]].<ref>Multiple references:

Atheism, as defined by the ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', the ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', and other [[philosophy]] reference works, is the denial of the existence of [[God]].<ref>Multiple references:

*Smart, J. J. C. (August 8, 2011). [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/atheism-agnosticism "Atheism and agnosticism"]. ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (Spring 2013 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Retrieved July 17, 2014.

*Smart, J. J. C. (August 8, 2011). [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/atheism-agnosticism "Atheism and agnosticism"]. ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (Spring 2013 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Retrieved July 17, 2014.

*Sarfati, Jonathan, Ph.D. (23 June 2007). [http://creation.com/atheism-is-more-rational "Atheism is more rational?"]. Retrieved July 17, 2014.  See [[Creation Ministries International]], [[Jonathan Sarfati]].

*Sarfati, Jonathan, Ph.D. (23 June 2007). [https://creation.com/atheism-is-more-rational "Atheism is more rational?"]. Retrieved July 17, 2014.  See [[Creation Ministries International]], [[Jonathan Sarfati]].

*Day, Donn R. (2007). [http://www.thedivineconspiracy.org/athart3.htm "Atheism - etymology"].  Retrieved July 15, 2014.</ref>  

*Day, Donn R. (2007). [http://www.thedivineconspiracy.org/athart3.htm "Atheism - etymology"].  Retrieved July 15, 2014.</ref>  

As you can see above, the social scientists at the General Social Survey do not define as strictly as encyclopedias of [[philosophy]] and many other reference works.<ref>Multiple references:

As you can see above, the social scientists at the General Social Survey do not define as strictly as encyclopedias of [[philosophy]] and many other reference works.<ref>Multiple references:

*Smart, J. J. C. (August 8, 2011). [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/atheism-agnosticism "Atheism and agnosticism"]. ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (Spring 2013 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Retrieved July 17, 2014.

*Smart, J. J. C. (August 8, 2011). [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/atheism-agnosticism "Atheism and agnosticism"]. ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (Spring 2013 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Retrieved July 17, 2014.

*Sarfati, Jonathan, Ph.D. (23 June 2007). [http://creation.com/atheism-is-more-rational "Atheism is more rational?"]. Retrieved July 17, 2014.  See [[Creation Ministries International]], [[Jonathan Sarfati]].

*Sarfati, Jonathan, Ph.D. (23 June 2007). [https://creation.com/atheism-is-more-rational "Atheism is more rational?"]. Retrieved July 17, 2014.  See [[Creation Ministries International]], [[Jonathan Sarfati]].

*Day, Donn R. (2007). [http://www.thedivineconspiracy.org/athart3.htm "Atheism - etymology"].  Retrieved July 15, 2014.</ref>  As a result, in reporting their survey results there is some overlap with individuals who some may consider to be merely agnostics.   

*Day, Donn R. (2007). [http://www.thedivineconspiracy.org/athart3.htm "Atheism - etymology"].  Retrieved July 15, 2014.</ref>  As a result, in reporting their survey results there is some overlap with individuals who some may consider to be merely agnostics.   

...Craig Keener, in his huge review of claims of miracles in a wide variety of cultures, concludes that routine rejection of the possibility of the [[supernatural]] represents an impulse that is [[Secular Europe|deeply Eurocentric]].<ref>[http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2015-03-27/the-atheism-gap The Atheism Gap] By Stephen L. Carter, ''BloombergView'', Mar 27, 2015 4:26 PM EDT</ref>}}

...Craig Keener, in his huge review of claims of miracles in a wide variety of cultures, concludes that routine rejection of the possibility of the [[supernatural]] represents an impulse that is [[Secular Europe|deeply Eurocentric]].<ref>[http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2015-03-27/the-atheism-gap The Atheism Gap] By Stephen L. Carter, ''BloombergView'', Mar 27, 2015 4:26 PM EDT</ref>}}

Research in the United States indicates that the daily pressures associated with being in the low income bracket reduces IQ by 13 points.<ref>[http://www.businessinsider.com/poverty-effect-on-intelligence-2013-8 Poverty Stresses The Brain So Much That It's Like Losing 13 IQ Points], ''Business Insider'', 2013</ref>  African-American and Hispanic Americans are more likely to live in poverty in the United States. The poverty rate for Blacks and Hispanics is more than double that of non-Hispanic Whites.<ref>[http://federalsafetynet.com/us-poverty-statistics.html U.S poverty rates]</ref> In addition, schooling increases IQ scores and many racial minorities in the United attend low quality, inner city public schools with high drop out rates.<ref>[http://www.pnas.org/content/109/2/425.full.pdf Schooling in adolescence raises IQ scores]</ref><ref>[https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=16 Drop out rates]</ref>

Research in the United States indicates that the daily pressures associated with being in the low income bracket reduces IQ by 13 points.<ref>[https://www.businessinsider.com/poverty-effect-on-intelligence-2013-8 Poverty Stresses The Brain So Much That It's Like Losing 13 IQ Points], ''Business Insider'', 2013</ref>  African-American and Hispanic Americans are more likely to live in poverty in the United States. The poverty rate for Blacks and Hispanics is more than double that of non-Hispanic Whites.<ref>[http://federalsafetynet.com/us-poverty-statistics.html U.S poverty rates]</ref> In addition, schooling increases IQ scores and many racial minorities in the United attend low quality, inner city public schools with high drop out rates.<ref>[http://www.pnas.org/content/109/2/425.full.pdf Schooling in adolescence raises IQ scores]</ref><ref>[https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=16 Drop out rates]</ref>

==== American atheism, additional socioeconomic data and intelligence ====

==== American atheism, additional socioeconomic data and intelligence ====

Social science researchers do know that socioeconomic factors are positively correlated to higher intelligence as it affects a household's wealth which in turn affects educational opportunities, nutrition, healthcare and other factors positively correlated to wealth.<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4641149/ Socioeconomic status and the growth of intelligence from infancy through adolescence], ''Intelligence''. 2015 Jan-Feb; 48: 30–36.</ref> In addition, in the United States, racial minority households have lower levels of: household income, education, access to healthcare and other socioeconomic variables positively correlated to higher income (see also: [[Western atheism and race]]).  

Social science researchers do know that socioeconomic factors are positively correlated to higher intelligence as it affects a household's wealth which in turn affects educational opportunities, nutrition, healthcare and other factors positively correlated to wealth.<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4641149/ Socioeconomic status and the growth of intelligence from infancy through adolescence], ''Intelligence''. 2015 Jan-Feb; 48: 30–36.</ref> In addition, in the United States, racial minority households have lower levels of: household income, education, access to healthcare and other socioeconomic variables positively correlated to higher income (see also: [[Western atheism and race]]).  

The Pew Research Forum reported in 2013 concerning American atheists: "About four-in-ten atheists (43%) [[Atheism and education|have a college degree]], compared with 29% of the general public."<ref>[http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/10/23/5-facts-about-atheists/ 5 facts about atheists] By Michael Lipka, Pew Research Forum, October 23, 2013</ref>   

The Pew Research Forum reported in 2013 concerning American atheists: "About four-in-ten atheists (43%) [[Atheism and education|have a college degree]], compared with 29% of the general public."<ref>[https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/10/23/5-facts-about-atheists/ 5 facts about atheists] By Michael Lipka, Pew Research Forum, October 23, 2013</ref>   

In 2012, the Pew Research Forum reported regarding American atheists: "And about 38% of atheists and agnostics have an annual family income of at least $75,000, compared with 29% of the general public."<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/2012/10/09/nones-on-the-rise-demographics/ “Nones” on the Rise - Demographics], Pew Research Forum, October 9, 2012</ref>  See also:  [[Atheism and diversity#Atheism/Christianity and socioeconomic status diversity|Atheism/Christianity and socioeconomic status diversity]]

In 2012, the Pew Research Forum reported regarding American atheists: "And about 38% of atheists and agnostics have an annual family income of at least $75,000, compared with 29% of the general public."<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/2012/10/09/nones-on-the-rise-demographics/ “Nones” on the Rise - Demographics], Pew Research Forum, October 9, 2012</ref>  See also:  [[Atheism and diversity#Atheism/Christianity and socioeconomic status diversity|Atheism/Christianity and socioeconomic status diversity]]

''See also:'' [[Distrust of atheists]] and [[Atheism and rape]] and [[Atheism and social outcasts]]

''See also:'' [[Distrust of atheists]] and [[Atheism and rape]] and [[Atheism and social outcasts]]

[[File:Women.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Studies and web traffic data appear to indicate that women in the Western World tend to be more religious than men.<ref>Multiple references:

[[File:Women.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Studies and web traffic data appear to indicate that women in the Western World tend to be more religious than men.<ref>Multiple references:

*Kosmin, Barry A., et al. (2008).  [http://web.archive.org/web/20110904110346/http://www.americanreligionsurvey-aris.org/reports/NONES_08.pdf "American nones:  Profile of the no religion population"].  American Religion Survey website [Trinity College, Hartford, CT].  Retrieved from Internet Archive.

*Kosmin, Barry A., et al. (2008).  [https://web.archive.org/web/20110904110346/http://www.americanreligionsurvey-aris.org/reports/NONES_08.pdf "American nones:  Profile of the no religion population"].  American Religion Survey website [Trinity College, Hartford, CT].  Retrieved from Internet Archive.

*Britt, Robert Roy (February 28, 2009).  [http://www.livescience.com/7689-women-religious-men.html "Women more religious than men"].  Live Science website.</ref> See: [[Atheism and women]] ]]  

*Britt, Robert Roy (February 28, 2009).  [http://www.livescience.com/7689-women-religious-men.html "Women more religious than men"].  Live Science website.</ref> See: [[Atheism and women]] ]]  

On December 10, 2011, ''USA Today'' reported in a story entitled ''Study: Atheists distrusted as much as rapists'':

On December 10, 2011, ''USA Today'' reported in a story entitled ''Study: Atheists distrusted as much as rapists'':