Changes

{{Cquote|...Buttigieg’s focus on downtown has been criticized for coming at the expense of other neighborhoods. More than a quarter of the population still lives at or below the poverty line, well above the national average of 14%. Crime is also high. There were 15 murders, 93 rapes and 345 robberies per 100,000 in South Bend in 2017, compared to six, 52 and 339 per 100,000 in 2010, according to City-Data.com.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/apr/17/pete-buttigieg-2020-run-south-bend-poverty-crime Does everyone really love Mayor Pete? His home town has some answers], The Guardian, April 2019</ref>}}

{{Cquote|...Buttigieg’s focus on downtown has been criticized for coming at the expense of other neighborhoods. More than a quarter of the population still lives at or below the poverty line, well above the national average of 14%. Crime is also high. There were 15 murders, 93 rapes and 345 robberies per 100,000 in South Bend in 2017, compared to six, 52 and 339 per 100,000 in 2010, according to City-Data.com.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/apr/17/pete-buttigieg-2020-run-south-bend-poverty-crime Does everyone really love Mayor Pete? His home town has some answers], The Guardian, April 2019</ref>}}

Buttigieg's father, a [[communist]], was on Notre Dame's faculty as a professor of modern European literature and literary theory in 1980.<ref>Larsen, Emily; Simonson, Joseph (April 2, 2019). [https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/pete-buttigiegs-father-was-a-marxist-professor-who-lauded-the-communist-manifesto Pete Buttigieg's father was a Marxist professor who lauded the Communist Manifesto]. ''Washington Examiner''. Retrieved April 2, 2019.</ref> Buttigieg announced his candidacy for the [[Democratic party]] nomination in the [[2020 Presidential election]] on April 14, 2019.<ref>Moran, Sean (April 14, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2019/04/14/pete-buttigieg-announces-2020-democrat-presidential-campaign/ Pete Buttigieg Announces 2020 Democrat Presidential Campaign]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved April 14, 2019.</ref>. Buttigieg believes that the U.S. was "never as great as advertised."<ref>Rambaran, Vandana (May 7, 2019). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/buttigieg-trump-america-great-never-advertised Buttigieg says American past Trump wants to return to 'never as great as advertised']. ''Fox News''. Retrieved May 7, 2019.</ref>

Buttigieg's father, a [[communist]], was on Notre Dame's faculty as a professor of modern European literature and literary theory in 1980.<ref>Larsen, Emily; Simonson, Joseph (April 2, 2019). [https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/pete-buttigiegs-father-was-a-marxist-professor-who-lauded-the-communist-manifesto Pete Buttigieg's father was a Marxist professor who lauded the Communist Manifesto]. ''Washington Examiner''. Retrieved April 2, 2019.</ref> Buttigieg announced his candidacy for the [[Democratic party]] nomination in the [[2020 Presidential election]] on April 14, 2019.<ref>Moran, Sean (April 14, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2019/04/14/pete-buttigieg-announces-2020-democrat-presidential-campaign/ Pete Buttigieg Announces 2020 Democrat Presidential Campaign]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved April 14, 2019.</ref>. Buttigieg believes that the U.S. was "never as great as advertised."<ref>Rambaran, Vandana (May 7, 2019). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/buttigieg-trump-america-great-never-advertised Buttigieg says American past Trump wants to return to 'never as great as advertised']. ''Fox News''. Retrieved May 7, 2019.</ref> His campaign has reportedly slandered his conservative and Christian brother-in-law for political gain.<ref>Multiple references:

*Crilly, Rob (May 30, 2019). [https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/pete-buttigieg-brother-in-law-accuses-2020-candidate-of-lying-about-his-family-for-political-gain Buttigieg brother-in-law accuses 2020 candidate of lying about his family for political gain]. ''Washington Examiner''. Retrieved May 30, 2019.</ref>

==Political influences and path==

==Political influences and path==

An only child, Buttigieg had always been close with his father, Joseph Buttigieg, a University of Notre Dame professor who passed away in 2019.  The senior Buttigieg had a profound impact on "Mayor Pete." <ref>https://www.marieclaire.com/politics/a26867874/joseph-buttigieg-pete-buttigieg-father/</ref> Joseph Buttigieg supported an revised version of Marxism that dispensed with some of the more doctrinaire theories of  Marx and Engel's, yet he was clearly Marxist. “Equity, environmental consciousness, and racial justice are surely some of the ingredients of a healthy Marxism" he wrote.  According to Paul Kengor, Grove City College professor and expert in communism and progressivism,  Buttigieg was among a group of leftist professors who focused on injecting Marxism into the wider culture.<ref>https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/pete-buttigiegs-father-was-a-marxist-professor-who-lauded-the-communist-manifesto</ref>  

An only child, Buttigieg had always been close with his father, Joseph Buttigieg, a University of Notre Dame professor who passed away in 2019.  The senior Buttigieg had a profound impact on "Mayor Pete." <ref>https://www.marieclaire.com/politics/a26867874/joseph-buttigieg-pete-buttigieg-father/</ref> Joseph Buttigieg supported a revised version of Marxism that dispensed with some of the more doctrinaire theories of  Marx and Engel's, yet he was clearly Marxist. “Equity, environmental consciousness, and racial justice are surely some of the ingredients of a healthy Marxism" he wrote.  According to Paul Kengor, Grove City College professor and expert in communism and progressivism,  Buttigieg was among a group of leftist professors who focused on injecting Marxism into the wider culture.<ref>https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/pete-buttigiegs-father-was-a-marxist-professor-who-lauded-the-communist-manifesto</ref> The senior Buttigieg wrote that he found Marx's description of emancipation as the eradication of humans' alienation from each other and  their  alienation  from  their  own  productive  and  creative  activity  to be "compelling." And that to reach this  ''kind of freedom'', "the many forms of oppressive structural relations must be confronted  and altered and, just as important, the constitution of social agents cannot be limited to the liberal language of rights."<ref>Is the struggle for human rights a struggle for emancipation? Neve Gordon, Jacinda Swanson, & Joseph A. Buttigieg, Rethinking Marxism: A Journal of Economics, Culture & Society, 12 January 2013 [http://www.bgu.ac.il/~ngordon/Marx%20Article.pdf]</ref>

The senior Buttigieg wrote that he found Marx's description of emancipation as the eradication of humans' alienation from each other and  their  alienation  from  their  own  productive  and  creative  activity  to be "compelling."   And that to reach this  ''kind of freedom'', "the many forms of oppressive structural relations must be confronted  and altered and, just as important, the constitution of social agents cannot be limited to the liberal language of rights."<ref>Is the struggle for human rights a struggle for emancipation? Neve Gordon, Jacinda Swanson, & Joseph A. Buttigieg, Rethinking Marxism: A Journal of Economics, Culture & Society, 12 January 2013 [http://www.bgu.ac.il/~ngordon/Marx%20Article.pdf]</ref>

In high school, Peter Buttigieg began thinking about running for political office, and he became senior-class president, valedictorian, and president of the school’s chapter of Amnesty International, where he objected to the group’s focus on “Ay-rabs.” Later, Buttigieg wrote an essay commending the courage of then-congressman [[Bernie Sanders]].  Being invited to the JFK library, he met Senator [[Ted Kennedy]] who offered him an internship. Buttigieg was accepted to Harvard University where he became the student president at Harvard’s Institute of Politics. The (very liberal) ''New Yorker'' described this role  as being “sought by the most ambitious of the exceptionally ambitious.”  Buttigieg succeeded retired senator David Pryor (one of Bill Clinton’s key political mentors) whom he thanked for providing “the political education we really needed.”  Buttigieg wrote a regular column for the ''Harvard Crimson'', in one of which raved about rap star [[Eminem]] who was ‘dumping it on White America,’ building a new narrative — aggressively American, abused, angry and alarming.  

In high school, Peter Buttigieg began thinking about running for political office, and he became senior-class president, valedictorian, and president of the school’s chapter of Amnesty International, where he objected to the group’s focus on “Ay-rabs.” Later, Buttigieg wrote an essay commending the courage of then-congressman [[Bernie Sanders]].  Being invited to the JFK library, he met Senator [[Ted Kennedy]] who offered him an internship. Buttigieg was accepted to Harvard University where he became the student president at Harvard’s Institute of Politics. The (very liberal) ''New Yorker'' described this role  as being “sought by the most ambitious of the exceptionally ambitious.”  Buttigieg succeeded retired senator David Pryor (one of Bill Clinton’s key political mentors) whom he thanked for providing “the political education we really needed.”  Buttigieg wrote a regular column for the ''Harvard Crimson'', in one of which raved about rap star [[Eminem]] who was ‘dumping it on White America,’ building a new narrative — aggressively American, abused, angry and alarming.  

Buttigieg obtained a [[Rhodes Scholarship]] which enabled him to enter Oxford, where he says he found that supply and demand cannot be expected to deliver fair prices or efficient outcomes in many situations. Buttigieg graduated with the highest grade possible.   

Buttigieg obtained a [[Rhodes Scholarship]] which enabled him to enter Oxford, where he says he found that supply and demand cannot be expected to deliver fair prices or efficient outcomes in many situations. Buttigieg graduated with the highest grade possible.   

Once out of college, Buttigieg did research and press work for John Kerry’s presidential campaign.  In 2007 Buttigieg was employed at McKinsey & Company in Chicago, where he realized that, “despite all my education, I felt ignorant about how the private sector really worked.” Buttigieg ran for Indiana state treasurer in 2010, though at $68,772 per year he says it paid less than half of what he already was making.

Once out of college, Buttigieg did research and press work for John Kerry's presidential campaign.  In 2007 Buttigieg was employed at McKinsey & Company in Chicago, where he realized that "despite all my education, I felt ignorant about how the private sector really worked." Buttigieg ran for Indiana state treasurer in 2010, though at $68,772 per year he says it paid less than half of what he already was making. In 2009 and 2010 Buttigieg openly advocated support for the auto-industry bailout, but lost the election for state treasurer to the incumbent treasurer Richard Mourdock, who opposed the bailout.  

In 2009 and 2010 Buttigieg openly advocated support for the auto-industry bailout, but lost the election for state treasurer to the incumbent treasurer Richard Mourdock, who opposed the bailout.  

Buttigieg's next step on the political ladder was that of being elected mayor of heavily Democratic South Bend, Indiana, in which every mayor since 1972 has been a Democrat.  As mayor he received praise from the ''Washington Post'' (which focused on him being a mayor who while serving six-month deployment to Afghanistan as a naval reservist),  for his plan on dealing with 1,000 vacant lots and abandoned buildings in 1,000 days. However, he also faced much criticism for handling a scandal (which developed shortly after his election) regarding illegal recordings by the police department of allegedly racist statements by certain officers against the black police chief, and which ended up involving the FBI. This resulted in a ongoing legal fight that has been the longest-running and most expensive one the city history, costing taxpayers more than $2 million thus far.  South Bend had a murder rate in 2015 that ranked it the 29th-worst among the 300 American cities with 100,000 people or more.  

Buttigieg's next step on the political ladder was that of being elected mayor of heavily Democratic South Bend, Indiana, in which every mayor since 1972 has been a Democrat.  As mayor he received praise from the ''Washington Post'' (which focused on him being a mayor who while serving six-month deployment to Afghanistan as a naval reservist),  for his plan on dealing with 1,000 vacant lots and abandoned buildings in 1,000 days. However, he also faced much criticism for handling a scandal (which developed shortly after his election) regarding illegal recordings by the police department of allegedly racist statements by certain officers against the black police chief, and which ended up involving the FBI. This resulted in an ongoing legal fight that has been the longest-running and most expensive one the city history, costing taxpayers more than $2 million thus far.  South Bend had a murder rate in 2015 that ranked it the 29th-worst among the 300 American cities with 100,000 people or more.  

Buttigieg endorsed Clinton late in the primary in 2016, and after Trump’s election Buttigieg announced he would run for chairman of the Democratic National Committee, but withdrew due to lack of support.  

Buttigieg endorsed Clinton late in the primary in 2016, and after Trump's election, Buttigieg announced he would run for chairman of the Democratic National Committee, but withdrew due to lack of support.  

Mainstream media promotion for Buttigieg being president began early, with ''New York Times'' columnist Frank Bruni writing a column in 2016 entitled “The First Gay President?” asserting it would be hard to find a more perfect Democratic candidate, who always “seems always to say just the right thing, in just the right tone.”<ref>''National Review'', March 22, 2019 [https://www.nationalreview.com/2019/03/pete-buttigieg-biography-views-democratic-presidential-candidate "Twenty things you probably didn’t know about Pete Buttigieg"]</ref>

Mainstream media promotion for Buttigieg being president began early, with ''New York Times'' columnist Frank Bruni writing a column in 2016 entitled “The First Gay President?” asserting it would be hard to find a more perfect Democratic candidate, who always “seems always to say just the right thing, in just the right tone.”<ref>''National Review'', March 22, 2019 [https://www.nationalreview.com/2019/03/pete-buttigieg-biography-views-democratic-presidential-candidate "Twenty things you probably didn’t know about Pete Buttigieg"]</ref>

==Campaign funding==  

==Campaign funding==  

Buttigieg raised $7.1 million in the first quarter of 2019, with approximately $2.5 million coming from large donations, which was more than all except three Democratic candidates, including and four sitting U.S. senators, a sum that is seen likely to balloon in the coming months.  Elizabeth Birch,  former executive director of the [[Human Rights Campaign]], stated "What is going on now is one of the untold secrets of the D.N.C. and Democratic Party generally, which is that the L.G.B.T. community is a huge source of money into the Democratic Party.” <ref>[https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2019/04/pete-buttigieg-gay-money-democratic-secret-weapon “] I Have Maxed Out to Pete”: Gay Money, Democratic Secret Weapon, Comes Out for Buttigieg</ref>

Buttigieg raised $7.1 million in the first quarter of 2019, with approximately $2.5 million coming from large donations, which was more than all except three Democratic candidates, including and four sitting U.S. senators, a sum that is seen likely to balloon in the coming months.  Elizabeth Birch,  former executive director of the [[Human Rights Campaign]], stated: "What is going on now is one of the untold secrets of the D.N.C. and Democratic Party generally, which is that the L.G.B.T. community is a huge source of money into the Democratic Party.” <ref>[https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2019/04/pete-buttigieg-gay-money-democratic-secret-weapon “] I Have Maxed Out to Pete”: Gay Money, Democratic Secret Weapon, Comes Out for Buttigieg</ref>

This is related to the megadonor, tech millionaire Tim Gill, founder of software company Quark Inc., who heavily funds the LGBT movement (including by funding front groups with misleading names,  such as "Alliance for Colorado’s Families) and its allies in the Democratic Party says he will continue to  pursue and attack those who hold traditional views about sexual morality. "We’re going into the hardest states in the country,” he says. “We’re going to punish the wicked.” The Gill Foundation rallied more than 100 corporations, including Coca-Cola, Google and Marriott, behind a front group called "Georgia Prospers." The tactic was  business threatening  to pull out of the state, and the coalition successfully induced Republican Gov. Nathan Deal into vetoing a Religious Freedom Restoration Act.<ref>https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/jul/19/gay-megadonor-going-after-christians-punish-wicked]</ref><ref>The Rolling Stone, "Meet the Megadonor Behind the LGBTQ Rights Movement, " June 23, 2017</ref>

This is related to the megadonor, tech millionaire Tim Gill, founder of software company Quark Inc., who heavily funds the LGBT movement (including by funding front groups with misleading names,  such as "Alliance for Colorado’s Families) and its allies in the Democratic Party says he will continue to  pursue and attack those who hold traditional views about sexual morality. "We're going into the hardest states in the country," he says. "We're going to punish the wicked." The Gill Foundation rallied more than 100 corporations, including Coca-Cola, Google and Marriott, behind a front group called "Georgia Prospers." The tactic was  business threatening  to pull out of the state, and the coalition successfully induced Republican Gov. Nathan Deal into vetoing a Religious Freedom Restoration Act.<ref>https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/jul/19/gay-megadonor-going-after-christians-punish-wicked]</ref><ref>The Rolling Stone, "Meet the Megadonor Behind the LGBTQ Rights Movement, " June 23, 2017</ref>

==Ideology==

==Ideology==

Buttigieg is running on a platform of [[Anti-Family|uprooting traditional family values]]. His priorities are [[transgender]] bathrooms and the [[totalitarian]] [[Green New Deal]]. Like [[Obama]], he poses as a "[[centrist]]," though his beliefs are more accurately described as far-left.<ref>Polumbo, Brad (May 20, 2019). [https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/pete-buttigieg-outs-himself-as-a-fake-moderate Pete Buttigieg outs himself as a fake moderate]. ''Washington Examiner''. Retrieved May 20, 2019.</ref> He wants to abolish the [[Electoral College]] and pack the [[Supreme Court]].<ref>Burke, Michael (April 14, 2019). [https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/438846-buttigieg-again-calls-for-eliminating-electoral-college Buttigieg slams Electoral College for overruling popular vote 'twice in my lifetime']. ''The Hill''. Retrieved April 14, 2019.</ref> Buttigieg [[Historical revisionism|supports erasing]] [[Thomas Jefferson]]'s name from U.S.landmarks and institutions.<ref>Caplan, Joshua (May 17, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2019/05/17/pete-buttigieg-erasing-thomas-jeffersons-name-right-thing-to-do/ Pete Buttigieg: Erasing Thomas Jefferson’s Name ‘Right Thing to Do’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 18, 2019.</ref><ref>Mikelionis, Lukas (May 18, 2019). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/buttigieg-echoes-far-left-idea-of-renaming-things-named-after-thomas-jefferson-says-its-the-right-thing-to-do Buttigieg backs far-left idea of erasing Thomas Jefferson's name: 'It's the right thing to do']. ''Fox News''. Retrieved May 18, 2019.</ref> While in Harvard, Buttigieg wrote in the student paper promoting left-wing viewpoints, some even outside the Democrat Party mainstream.<ref>Pollak, Joel B. (May 21, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2019/05/21/pete-buttigieg-harvard-crimson-columns-reveal-left-foundations/ Pete Buttigieg’s Harvard Crimson Columns Reveal Left-Wing Foundations]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 21, 2019.</ref> Buttigieg does not believe that it is not always "right" as an American to put American interests first.<ref>Spiering, Charlie (May 22, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2019/05/22/pete-buttigieg-acting-in-americas-interests-not-always-right/ Pete Buttigieg: Acting in America’s Interests Not Always Right]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 22, 2019.</ref>

Buttigieg is running on a platform of [[Anti-Family|uprooting traditional family values]]. His priorities are [[transgender]] bathrooms and the [[totalitarian]] [[Green New Deal]]. Like [[Obama]], he poses as a "[[centrist]]," though his beliefs are more accurately described as far-left.<ref>Polumbo, Brad (May 20, 2019). [https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/pete-buttigieg-outs-himself-as-a-fake-moderate Pete Buttigieg outs himself as a fake moderate]. ''Washington Examiner''. Retrieved May 20, 2019.</ref> He wants to abolish the [[Electoral College]] and pack the [[Supreme Court]].<ref>Burke, Michael (April 14, 2019). [https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/438846-buttigieg-again-calls-for-eliminating-electoral-college Buttigieg slams Electoral College for overruling popular vote 'twice in my lifetime']. ''The Hill''. Retrieved April 14, 2019.</ref> Buttigieg [[Historical revisionism|supports erasing]] [[Thomas Jefferson]]'s name from U.S.landmarks and institutions.<ref>Caplan, Joshua (May 17, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2019/05/17/pete-buttigieg-erasing-thomas-jeffersons-name-right-thing-to-do/ Pete Buttigieg: Erasing Thomas Jefferson’s Name ‘Right Thing to Do’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 18, 2019.</ref><ref>Mikelionis, Lukas (May 18, 2019). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/buttigieg-echoes-far-left-idea-of-renaming-things-named-after-thomas-jefferson-says-its-the-right-thing-to-do Buttigieg backs far-left idea of erasing Thomas Jefferson's name: 'It's the right thing to do']. ''Fox News''. Retrieved May 18, 2019.</ref> While in Harvard, Buttigieg wrote in the student paper promoting left-wing viewpoints, some even outside the Democrat Party mainstream.<ref>Pollak, Joel B. (May 21, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2019/05/21/pete-buttigieg-harvard-crimson-columns-reveal-left-foundations/ Pete Buttigieg’s Harvard Crimson Columns Reveal Left-Wing Foundations]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 21, 2019.</ref> Buttigieg does not believe that it is not always "right" as an American to put American interests first.<ref>Spiering, Charlie (May 22, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2019/05/22/pete-buttigieg-acting-in-americas-interests-not-always-right/ Pete Buttigieg: Acting in America’s Interests Not Always Right]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 22, 2019.</ref>

As the son of a (Marxist)  English professor and a scholar of linguistics, Buttigieg indicates he understands the power of sophistical propaganda, such as in seeking to use conservative language for his liberal ideas. In a 2003 column he wrote for the ''Harvard Crimson''  he stated,  “The real challenge for the Democratic Party, and its presidential candidates in particular, is to figure out how to reverse the Right’s stranglehold on our political vocabulary.” He soon wrote another column urging ­Democrats to ­reclaim words like compassion, strength and morality.<ref>Time, May 2, 2019 [http://time.com/longform/pete-buttigieg-2020] Mayor Pete Buttigieg's Unlikely, Untested, Unprecedented Presidential Campaign</ref>  Buttigieg's platform is “Freedom, Security and Democracy,” while implementation of his policies would mean reducing freedom and security for unborn infants<ref>https://www.nationalreview.com/2019/04/pete-buttigiegs-abortion-extremism-hurts-his-religious-appeal/</ref> and social conservatives, and progressively censoring their voice in a Democracy.<ref> National Review, May 20, 2019[https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/the-equality-act-is-a-time-bomb]The Equality Act Is a Time Bomb</ref>  

As the son of a (Marxist)  English professor and a scholar of linguistics, Buttigieg indicates he understands the power of sophistical propaganda, such as in seeking to use conservative language for his liberal ideas. In a 2003 column he wrote for the ''Harvard Crimson''  he stated,  "The real challenge for the Democratic Party, and its presidential candidates in particular, is to figure out how to reverse the Right's stranglehold on our political vocabulary." He soon wrote another column urging ­Democrats to ­reclaim words like compassion, strength and morality.<ref>Time, May 2, 2019 [http://time.com/longform/pete-buttigieg-2020] Mayor Pete Buttigieg's Unlikely, Untested, Unprecedented Presidential Campaign</ref>  Buttigieg's platform is "Freedom, Security and Democracy," while implementation of his policies would mean reducing freedom and security for unborn infants<ref>https://www.nationalreview.com/2019/04/pete-buttigiegs-abortion-extremism-hurts-his-religious-appeal/</ref> and social conservatives, and progressively censoring their voice in a Democracy.<ref> National Review, May 20, 2019[https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/the-equality-act-is-a-time-bomb]The Equality Act Is a Time Bomb</ref>

 

===Gramsci===

===Gramsci===

[[Antonio Gramsci]] was a lieutenant of [[Joseph Stalin]] who headed the [[Italian]] branch of the International Communist movement ([[Comintern]]). After several failed assassination attempts on Mussolini, Gramsci was imprisoned in 1926 until his death in 1937. While in prison Gramsci wrote his ''Prison Notebooks'', speculating on the failure of [[violent]] [[revolution]] to materialize in [[Western Europe]] as [[Karl Marx]] had predicted. Gramsci's works are considered by [[Socialists]] to be foundational to modern [[public education]] and [[Cultural Marxism]].<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/23768314?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents</ref><ref>https://www.marxists.org/archive/gramsci/prison_notebooks/problems/education.htm</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fdTTr4iYT0M</ref>

[[Antonio Gramsci]] was a lieutenant of [[Joseph Stalin]] who headed the [[Italian]] branch of the International Communist movement ([[Comintern]]). After several failed assassination attempts on Mussolini, Gramsci was imprisoned in 1926 until his death in 1937. While in prison Gramsci wrote his ''Prison Notebooks'', speculating on the failure of [[violent]] [[revolution]] to materialize in [[Western Europe]] as [[Karl Marx]] had predicted. Gramsci's works are considered by [[Socialists]] to be foundational to modern [[public education]] and [[Cultural Marxism]].<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/23768314?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents</ref><ref>https://www.marxists.org/archive/gramsci/prison_notebooks/problems/education.htm</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fdTTr4iYT0M</ref>