Changes

==Origins==

==Origins==

The origins of the Dirty War have long been debated, with Professor  Patricia Marchak in ''God's Assassins: State Terrorism in Argentina in the 1970s'' and Professor Carlos Marcelo Shäferstein in ''Cien años de subversión en Argentina''<ref>[http://www.lahistoriaparalela.com.ar/2009/06/19/cien-anos-de-subversion-en-argentina/ Cien años de subversión en Argentina]</ref> and historians Alejandro García<ref>La Crisis Argentina, 1966–1976: Notas y Documentos Sobre una época de Violencia Política, Alejandro García, p. 32, EDITUM, 1994</ref> and Antonius C. G. M. Robben arguing the political violence started with the anarchist bombing campaigns and armed uprisings in Buenos Aires and the Patagonia in the 1910s and 1920s. During the Patagonia uprisings in the Santa Cruz province in 1921 and 1922, some 300 anarchist were killed in action or executed by the Argentinian Army.<ref>"Los medios anarquistas hablan de 1500 muertos, la prensa oficial de 300." La Causa Argentina, Juan Archibaldo Lanús (p. 393). Emecé Editores, 1988</ref> During the Buenos Aires uprisings in 1919, some 140 anarchists were killed and several buildings in the capital were burnt down.

The origins of the Dirty War have long been debated, with Professor  Patricia Marchak in ''God's Assassins: State Terrorism in Argentina in the 1970s'' and Professor Carlos Marcelo Shäferstein in ''Cien años de subversión en Argentina''<ref>[http://www.lahistoriaparalela.com.ar/2009/06/19/cien-anos-de-subversion-en-argentina/ Cien años de subversión en Argentina]</ref> and historians Alejandro García<ref>La Crisis Argentina, 1966–1976: Notas y Documentos Sobre una época de Violencia Política, Alejandro García, p. 32, EDITUM, 1994</ref> and Antonius C. G. M. Robben arguing the political violence started with the anarchist bombing campaigns and armed uprisings in Buenos Aires and the Patagonia in the 1910s and 1920s. During the Patagonia uprisings in the Santa Cruz province in 1921 and 1922, some 300 anarchist were killed in action or executed by the Argentinian Army.<ref>"Los medios anarquistas hablan de 1500 muertos, la prensa oficial de 300." La Causa Argentina, Juan Archibaldo Lanús (p. 393). Emecé Editores, 1988</ref>During the Buenos Aires uprisings in 1919, some 140 anarchists were killed and several buildings in the capital were burnt down.

Prior to the armed uprisings, several efforts were made to interrupt the celebrations marking 100 years of Argentinian independence on 25 May 1910, with an anarchists handing over a hand-held bomb to a child to take inside a cathedral in Buenos Aires, but the bomb exploded prematurely killing the minor and mutilating another boy.<ref>[BOMBS IN ARGENTINA. BOY BLOWN TO AMOMS]</ref>

Prior to the armed uprisings, several efforts were made to interrupt the celebrations marking 100 years of Argentinian independence on May 25th 1910, including an anarchists handing over a hand-held bomb to a child to take inside a cathedral in Buenos Aires, but the bomb exploded prematurely killing the minor and mutilating another boy.<ref>[BOMBS IN ARGENTINA. BOY BLOWN TO AMOMS]</ref>

On 28 June 1910, another anarchist bomb exploded inside the ''Teatro Colón'' (in the Argentinian capital) and 20 theatregoers were gravely wounded, and the Argentinian senate approved soon after the death penalty for those anarchists responsible for deaths.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Nf9QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JWYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3804,6720471&dq=&hl=en FIND BOMB FACTORY. Argentine Capital Stirred by Uncovering Anarchists Lair]</ref>

On June 28th 1910, another anarchist bomb exploded inside the ''Teatro Colón'' (in the Argentinian capital) and 20 theatregoers were gravely wounded, and the Argentinian senate approved soon after the death penalty for those anarchists responsible for deaths.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Nf9QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JWYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3804,6720471&dq=&hl=en FIND BOMB FACTORY. Argentine Capital Stirred by Uncovering Anarchists Lair]</ref>

On 9 July 1916, an anarchist armed with a hand-gun tried to kill the Argentinian president, Victorino de la Plaza. The attempted assassination took place while the president attended a military parade in Buenos Aires, during the centennial celebrations marking Argentinian independence from Spain.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=v6dRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LmgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4473,3490772&dq=&hl=en EFFORT MADE TO KILL PRESIDENT OF ARGENTINE]</ref>

On July 9th 1916, an anarchist armed with a hand-gun tried to kill the Argentinian president, Victorino de la Plaza. The attempted assassination took place while the president attended a military parade in Buenos Aires, during the centennial celebrations marking Argentinian independence from Spain.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=v6dRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LmgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4473,3490772&dq=&hl=en EFFORT MADE TO KILL PRESIDENT OF ARGENTINE]</ref>

On 9 February 1918, violent strikes took place in the main Argentinian cities and army units were rushed to the affected areas after anarchists sabotaged train lines and burnt carriages transporting wheat to Buenos Aires for exportation.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yQteAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7l8NAAAAIBAJ&pg=3282,3532019&dq=&hl=en Anarchy Reigns in Argentina When General Rail Strike Brings Riots]</ref> Argentinian left-wing activists at the time printed and widely distributed, even among conscripts, a newspaper promoting a Communist Revolution in Argentina.<ref>"Los anarquistas simpatizantes de la Revolución Rusa editaban un periódico para los soldados y hacían un activo trabajo en los cuarteles." El Marxismo y la Revolución Argentina, Tomo II, Otto Vargas, p. 152, Editorial Agora, 1999</ref>

On February 9th 1918, violent strikes took place in the main Argentinian cities and army units were rushed to the affected areas after anarchists sabotaged train lines and burnt carriages transporting wheat to Buenos Aires for exportation.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yQteAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7l8NAAAAIBAJ&pg=3282,3532019&dq=&hl=en Anarchy Reigns in Argentina When General Rail Strike Brings Riots]</ref> Argentinian left-wing activists at the time printed and widely distributed, even among conscripts, a newspaper promoting a Communist Revolution in Argentina.<ref>"Los anarquistas simpatizantes de la Revolución Rusa editaban un periódico para los soldados y hacían un activo trabajo en los cuarteles." El Marxismo y la Revolución Argentina, Tomo II, Otto Vargas, p. 152, Editorial Agora, 1999</ref>

The left-wing violence continued throughout the 1920s. On December 24th 1927 two powerful anarchist bombs went off in two US-owned banks in downtown Buenos Aires, killing two employees.<ref>"El 24 de diciembre de 1927 vuelan las casas centrales del Citibank y el Banco de Boston, con el lamentable saldo de dos muertos. Los Mitos de la Historia Argentina: De la ley Sáenz Peña a los Albores del Peronismo ", Tomo III, Felipe Pigna, p. 111, Grupo Editorial Norma, 2006</ref> On May 23rd 1923, the anarchists detonate another bomb inside the Italian consulate in the Argentinian capital, killing 9 and wounding 41, the majority of them innocent civilians.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1913&dat=19280523&id=h4EpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0mYFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3534,4255127&hl=en Nine Killed, 41 Injured By Bomb In Buenos Aires]</ref> On December 24th 1929, Argentinian president Hipólito Yrigoyen narrowly survived an attempt on his life. The would-be assassin, 44 year-old Italian anarchist Gualterio Marinelli is killed by the return fire from the protecting police detachment.<ref>[https://www.diariouno.com.ar/pais/el-atentado-contra-el-presidente-yrigoyen-12242015_BkOGII-GHX El atentado contra el presidente Yrigoyen]</ref>

The left-wing violence continued throughout the 1920s. On December 24th 1927 two powerful anarchist bombs went off in two US-owned banks in downtown Buenos Aires, killing two employees.<ref>"El 24 de diciembre de 1927 vuelan las casas centrales del Citibank y el Banco de Boston, con el lamentable saldo de dos muertos. Los Mitos de la Historia Argentina: De la ley Sáenz Peña a los Albores del Peronismo ", Tomo III, Felipe Pigna, p. 111, Grupo Editorial Norma, 2006</ref> On May 23rd 1923, the anarchists detonate another bomb inside the Italian consulate in the Argentinian capital, killing 9 and wounding 41, the majority of them innocent civilians.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1913&dat=19280523&id=h4EpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0mYFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3534,4255127&hl=en Nine Killed, 41 Injured By Bomb In Buenos Aires]</ref> On December 24th 1929, Argentinian president Hipólito Yrigoyen narrowly survived an attempt on his life. The would-be assassin, 44 year-old Italian anarchist Gualterio Marinelli is killed by the return fire from the protecting police detachment.<ref>[https://www.diariouno.com.ar/pais/el-atentado-contra-el-presidente-yrigoyen-12242015_BkOGII-GHX El atentado contra el presidente Yrigoyen]</ref>