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added subsection to Where do unbaptized departed infants go? - They are Annihilated - also added at External links CARM column with extensive listing of links re annihilationism https://carm.org/annihilationism
==Where do unbaptized departed infants go?==
==Where do unbaptized departed infants go?==
Among believers in the necessity of [[baptism]] for [[salvation]] there is no universal consensus on the fate of dead infants who have not been baptized, the souls of those whom the New Testament Greek text of [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+18%3A15-16&version=RSVCE Luke 18:15-16] calls '''βρέφη''' ''brephe'', "an unborn or newborn child, infant, babe, child in arms".<ref>See [http://biblehub.com/greek/1025.htm Strong's number ''1025'' '''βρέφη''' ''brephe'' "infant".] <br>Compare the [http://biblehub.com/interlinear/luke/18-15.htm interlinear text of Luke 18:15]. Compare the [http://biblehub.com/luke/18-15.htm parallel versions of Luke 18:15]. </ref> There are three conflicting doctrines:
Among believers in the necessity of [[baptism]] for [[salvation]] there is no universal consensus on the fate of dead infants who have not been baptized, the souls of those whom the New Testament Greek text of [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+18%3A15-16&version=RSVCE Luke 18:15-16] calls '''βρέφη''' ''brephe'', "an unborn or newborn child, infant, babe, child in arms".<ref>See [http://biblehub.com/greek/1025.htm Strong's number ''1025'' '''βρέφη''' ''brephe'' "infant".] <br>Compare the [http://biblehub.com/interlinear/luke/18-15.htm interlinear text of Luke 18:15]. Compare the [http://biblehub.com/luke/18-15.htm parallel versions of Luke 18:15]. </ref> There are four conflicting doctrines:
*They go to [[Hell]].
*They go to [[Hell]].
*They go to [[Limbo]].
*They go to [[Limbo]].
*They go to [[Heaven]].
*They go to [[Heaven]].
*They are [[Annihilationism|Annihilated]]
===They go to Hell===
===They go to Hell===
This is based primarily on [http://biblehub.com/commentaries/mark/16-16.htm Mark 16:16] "'''He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved; but he that believeth not shall be damned.'''" (KJV) An unborn or newborn child, infant, babe, child in arms, who does not and cannot understand, does not believe. And that little child shall most certainly be damned by dying because that child did not believe and was not baptized. "Jesus answered, Verily, verily, I say unto thee, Except a man be born of water and ''of'' the Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God." John 3:5. Therefore, according to a literalist "plain, simple and obvious" reading of the Bible ''[[sola scriptura]]'', unbaptized infants are damned.<ref>Compare [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+5%3A25-29&version=NRSVCE John 5:25-29.]</ref>
This is based primarily on [http://biblehub.com/commentaries/mark/16-16.htm Mark 16:16] "'''He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved; but he that believeth not shall be damned.'''" (KJV) An unborn or newborn child, infant, babe, child in arms, who does not and cannot understand, does not believe. And that little child shall most certainly be damned by dying because that child did not believe and was not baptized. "Jesus answered, Verily, verily, I say unto thee, Except a man be born of water and ''of'' the Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God." John 3:5. Therefore, according to a literalist "plain, simple and obvious" reading of the Bible ''[[sola scriptura]]'', unbaptized infants are damned.<ref>Compare [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+5%3A25-29&version=NRSVCE John 5:25-29.]</ref>
"Verily I say unto you, Whosoever shall not receive the kingdom of God as a little child, he shall not enter therein." [http://biblehub.com/commentaries/mark/10-15.htm Mark 10:15]. <br>"Verily I say unto you, Whosoever shall not receive the kingdom of God as a little child shall in no wise enter therein." [http://biblehub.com/commentaries/luke/18-17.htm Luke 18:17].
"Verily I say unto you, Whosoever shall not receive the kingdom of God as a little child, he shall not enter therein." [http://biblehub.com/commentaries/mark/10-15.htm Mark 10:15]. <br>"Verily I say unto you, Whosoever shall not receive the kingdom of God as a little child shall in no wise enter therein." [http://biblehub.com/commentaries/luke/18-17.htm Luke 18:17].
===They are [[Annihilationism|Annihilated]]===
Annihilationism is the [[Specious reasoning|specious belief]] that the souls of all the [[Salvation|unsaved]] will either
*(1) be completely annihilated (extinguished) immediately after death, or
*(2) will continue in hell, either conscious or unconscious, until after the [[Last Judgment]], when they will finally be resurrected and be totally extinguished and cease to exist.
[[Apologist]]s for this doctrine have recourse to "proof texts" in the Old and New Testament, all passages in the Bible which speak of "destruction" and "destroy" and "death" relating to the bodies, souls and spirits of the wicked and of all infants who are unbaptized.
Their position is not only opposed by [[apostolic tradition]] but also by all [[Exegesis|biblical exegetes]] and [[Historical-critical method (Higher criticism)|textual critics]] who point out that the Hebrew/Aramiac Old Testament and Greek New Testament manuscripts do not witness to annihilation of the wicked, but to their ruin instead, a ruin from which they cannot recover. For example,
*in the Old Testament [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+145%3A20&version=KJV "all the wicked will he destroy (desolate שמד)" Psalm 145:20] '''שמד''' ''shamad''.<br> See [http://biblehub.com/hebrew/8045.htm Strong's number ''8045''. '''שמד''' ''shamad'' to desolate, bring to nought, overthrow, consume.
*in the New Testament [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Thessalonians+1%3A9&version=KJV "destruction (ruin ὄλεθρον)" 2 Thessalonians 1:9] '''ὄλεθρον''' ''olethron''.<br> See [http://biblehub.com/greek/3639.htm Strong's number ''3639''. '''ὄλεθρος''' ''olethros'' ruin, doom, destruction, death.]<br>ólethros ("ruination") does not imply "extinction" (annihilation). It emphasizes the consequent loss that goes with complete "undoing." See [[http://biblehub.com/commentaries/1_thessalonians/1-9.htm multiple commentaries on 1 Thessalonians 1:9]
Ezekiel 18:20-32 clearly says "the soul that sinneth, it shall die (מות)" and also says that iniquity is "ruin" (מכשול), not annihilation. This "die (מות)" is the same word in Genesis 2:17 "in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die (מות)."<ref>See Strong's numbers [http://biblehub.com/hebrew/4191.htm 4191] and [http://biblehub.com/hebrew/4383.htm 4383].</ref>
==Baptism for the dead==
==Baptism for the dead==
[https://owlcation.com/humanities/Which-Religions-Practice-Baptism-Which-Do-Not '''Which Religions practice Baptism and Which do not?''', Beverley Byer (owlcation.com)]
[https://owlcation.com/humanities/Which-Religions-Practice-Baptism-Which-Do-Not '''Which Religions practice Baptism and Which do not?''', Beverley Byer (owlcation.com)]
[https://carm.org/annihilationism '''Annihilationism''' - CARM Christian Apologetics & Research Ministry (carm.org)] — ''Founder and site host Matt Slick provides extensive list of multiple articles on the topic of annihilation of the soul.''