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[[Apologist]]s for this doctrine have recourse to "proof texts" in the Old and New Testament, to all passages in the Bible which speak of "destruction" and "destroy" and "death" and "dead" relating to the bodies, souls and spirits of the wicked and of all infants who are unbaptized.

[[Apologist]]s for this doctrine have recourse to "proof texts" in the Old and New Testament, to all passages in the Bible which speak of "destruction" and "destroy" and "death" and "dead" relating to the bodies, souls and spirits of the wicked and of all infants who are unbaptized.

Their position is not only opposed by [[apostolic tradition]] but also by all [[Exegesis|biblical exegetes]] and [[Historical-critical method (Higher criticism)|textual critics]] who point out that the Hebrew/Aramiac Old Testament and Greek New Testament manuscripts do not witness to annihilation of the wicked, but to their utter ruin instead, a ''conscious'' ruin of suffering and torment from which they cannot recover or escape. For example,  

Their position is not only opposed by [[apostolic tradition]] but also by all [[Exegesis|biblical exegetes]] and [[Historical-critical method (Higher criticism)|textual critics]] who point out that the Hebrew/Aramiac Old Testament and Greek New Testament manuscripts do not witness to annihilation of the wicked, but to their utter ruin instead, a ''conscious'' ruin of suffering and torment from which they cannot recover or escape.<ref>[https://www.whatchristianswanttoknow.com/is-annihilationism-biblical/ What Christians Want To Know - Is Annihilationism Biblical? ''by'' Jack Wellman (whatchristianswanttoknow.com)]</ref> For example,  

*in the Old Testament [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+145%3A20&version=KJV "all the wicked will he destroy (desolate שמד ''shamad'')" Psalm 145:20 '''שמד''' ''shamad''.]<br> See [http://biblehub.com/hebrew/8045.htm Strong's number ''8045''. '''שמד''' ''shamad'' to desolate, bring to nought, overthrow, throw down, crush, consume.]

*in the Old Testament [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+145%3A20&version=KJV "all the wicked will he destroy (desolate שמד ''shamad'')" Psalm 145:20 '''שמד''' ''shamad''.]<br> See [http://biblehub.com/hebrew/8045.htm Strong's number ''8045''. '''שמד''' ''shamad'' to desolate, bring to nought, overthrow, throw down, crush, consume.]

*in the New Testament [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Thessalonians+1%3A9&version=KJV "destruction (ruin ὄλεθρον)" 2&nbsp;Thessalonians 1:9 '''ὄλεθρον''' ''olethron''.]<br> See [http://biblehub.com/greek/3639.htm Strong's number ''3639''. '''ὄλεθρος''' ''olethros'' ruin, doom, destruction, death.]<br>This word ólethros ("ruination") does not imply "extinction" (annihilation). It emphasizes the consequent loss that goes with complete "undoing." See [http://biblehub.com/commentaries/1_thessalonians/1-9.htm multiple commentaries on 1&nbsp;Thessalonians 1:9]

*in the New Testament [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Thessalonians+1%3A9&version=KJV "destruction (ruin ὄλεθρον)" 2&nbsp;Thessalonians 1:9 '''ὄλεθρον''' ''olethron''.]<br> See [http://biblehub.com/greek/3639.htm Strong's number ''3639''. '''ὄλεθρος''' ''olethros'' ruin, doom, destruction, death.]<br>This word ólethros ("ruination") does not imply "extinction" (annihilation). It emphasizes the consequent loss that goes with complete "undoing." See [http://biblehub.com/commentaries/1_thessalonians/1-9.htm multiple commentaries on 1&nbsp;Thessalonians 1:9]