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'''Fundamentalism''' is one of four major branches within Protestantism, the other three being [[Mainline Protestant churches|mainline]], [[evangelical]], and [[Pentecostal]].  As such, it has a specific meaning within Protestantism regarding doctrine and practice.  However, the term itself is sometimes used in a pejorative way today by [[liberal]] bigots to describe any Christian individual or group disagreeing with how it perceives Christianity should believe and act (e.g. not agreeing with liberal Christianity).

'''Fundamentalism''' is one of four major branches within Protestantism, the other three being [[Mainline Protestant churches|mainline]], [[evangelical]], and [[Pentecostal]].  As such, it has a specific meaning within Protestantism regarding doctrine and practice.  However, the term itself is sometimes used in a pejorative way today by [[liberal]] bigots to describe any Christian individual or group disagreeing with how it perceives Christianity should believe and act (e.g. not agreeing with liberal Christianity).

It began as a movement among [[Christian]]s in the [[United States]] in the late 19th century as a response to [[modernism]], which the fundamentalists accused of denying such Christian doctrines such as [[virgin birth]] and the [[Biblical inerrancy|inerrancy of Scripture]].

It began as a movement among [[Christian]]s in the [[United States]] in the late 19th century as a response to [[modernism]], which the fundamentalists accused of denying such Christian doctrines such as [[virgin birth]] and the [[Biblical inerrancy|inerrancy of Scripture]]. [[Dwight L. Moody]]'s evangelical tours, which attracted enormous crowds in the 1870s, mark the beginning of fundamentalism as a popular movement. The term "fundamentalism" was popularized by a series of pamphlets issued in 1915. [[William Jennings Bryan]], who died in 1925, was probably the most prominent fundamentalist. In the 1950s, [[Billy Graham]] (1918-2018) dropped the use of word "fundamentalist" and began using "evangelical" exclusively. Graham also extended fellowship to Catholics at this time. Various pastors objected to this practice, including [[Independent Baptist]] [[John R. Rice]] (1895-1980). This group came to be called "fundamentalist."

At the outset, fundamentalism was interdenominational (though it generally held to an anti-Catholic viewpoint).  However, by the late 1950s, those who would hold to what is now [[evangelical]]ism split from what is today considered fundamentalism. Evangelicals such as [[Billy Graham]] (1918-2018) wanted to maintain fundamentalism's historic willingness to work with anyone from any Protestant denomination who agreed with the basic tenets of Christianity, while fundamentalists such [[John R. Rice]] (1895-1980) insisted on separatism from other denominations (leading in large part to the [[Independent Baptist]] movement, which today is the largest group within churches and denominations falling into this category).

In the late 1970s, Rice was succeeded by Jerry Falwell. Falwell dropped Rice's objection to fellowship with Catholics to form the "Religious Right." Whereas Bryan had been on the left of the national political spectrum, fundamentalists under Falwell reentered American politics as conservatives. With many of the prominent names of fundamentalism either having passed away (e.g. Jack Hyles), retired (e.g. Bob Jones III) In more recent years, the fundamentalist movement has lacked notable leadership.

 

With many of the prominent names of fundamentalism either having passed away (e.g. Jack Hyles), retired (e.g. Bob Jones III), or moving into the evangelical camp (e.g. [[Jerry Falwell]]), in more recent years the fundamentalist movement has lacked notable leadership.

The views of many of the greatest scientists and mathematicians were within the meaning of fundamentalism (prior to the split), including [[Isaac Newton]] and [[Bernard Riemann]].

The views of many of the greatest scientists and mathematicians were within the meaning of fundamentalism (prior to the split), including [[Isaac Newton]] and [[Bernard Riemann]].