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[[File:Desecnt of the modernist.png|thumb|right|The Descent of the Modernists cartoon by E. J. Pace. It portrays [[modernism]] as the descent from [[Christianity]] to [[atheism]]. It was first published in 1922. ]]

[[File:Desecnt of the modernist.png|thumb|right|The Descent of the Modernists cartoon by E. J. Pace. It portrays [[modernism]] as the descent from [[Christianity]] to [[atheism]]. It was first published in 1922. ]]

'''Fundamentalism''' is one of four major branches within Protestantism, the other three being [[Mainline Protestant churches|mainline]], [[evangelical]], and [[Pentecostal]]. As such, it has a specific meaning within Protestantism regarding doctrine and practice.  However, the term itself is sometimes used in a pejorative way today by [[liberal]] bigots to describe any Christian individual or group disagreeing with how it perceives Christianity should believe and act (e.g. not agreeing with liberal Christianity).

'''Fundamentalism''' is one of four major branches within Protestantism, the other three being [[Mainline Protestant churches|mainline]], [[evangelical]], and [[Pentecostal]]. However, the term itself is sometimes used in a pejorative way today by [[liberal]] bigots to describe any Christian individual or group that opposes liberal Christianity.

It began as a movement among [[Christian]]s in the [[United States]] in the late 19th century as a response to [[modernism]], which the fundamentalists accused of denying such Christian doctrines such as [[virgin birth]] and the [[Biblical inerrancy|inerrancy of Scripture]]. [[Dwight L. Moody]]'s evangelical tours, which attracted enormous crowds in the 1870s, mark the beginning of fundamentalism as a popular movement. The term "fundamentalism" was popularized by a series of pamphlets issued in 1915. [[William Jennings Bryan]], who died in 1925, was probably the most prominent fundamentalist. In the 1950s, [[Billy Graham]] (1918-2018) dropped the use of word "fundamentalist" and began using "evangelical" exclusively. Graham also extended fellowship to Catholics at this time. Various pastors objected to this practice, including [[Independent Baptist]] [[John R. Rice]] (1895-1980). This group came to be called "fundamentalist."

In the 1870s, [[Dwight L. Moody]]'s evangelical crusades attracted enormous crowds. Moody denounced [[modernism]] and Darwin's theory of evolution. He founded the [[Moody Bible Institutes]] to teach [[Biblical inerrancy|inerrancy of Scripture]]. The term "fundamentalism" was popularized by a series of pamphlets issued in 1915. [[William Jennings Bryan]], who died in 1925, was the movement's most prominent leader. In the 1950s, a split arose between [[Billy Graham]] (1918-2018), who extended Christian fellowship to Catholics, and [[John R. Rice]] (1895-1980), who opposed this practice. Graham rebranded himself as a evangelical, while Rice continued to describe himself as a fundamentalist.

In the late 1970s, Rice was succeeded by Jerry Falwell. Falwell dropped Rice's objection to fellowship with Catholics to form the "Religious Right." Whereas Bryan had been on the left of the national political spectrum, fundamentalists under Falwell reentered American politics as conservatives. With many of the prominent names of fundamentalism either having passed away (e.g. Jack Hyles), retired (e.g. Bob Jones III) In more recent years, the fundamentalist movement has lacked notable leadership.

In the late 1970s, Rice was succeeded by Jerry Falwell. Falwell dropped Rice's objection to fellowship with Catholics to form the "Religious Right," a coalition of politically conservative Protestants and Catholics. Bryan had been on the left of the national political spectrum. But under Falwell fundamentalists reentered American politics as conservatives. Since Falwell's death in 2007, the movement has lacked notable leadership.

The views of many of the greatest scientists and mathematicians were within the meaning of fundamentalism (prior to the split), including [[Isaac Newton]] and [[Bernard Riemann]].

The views of many of the greatest scientists and mathematicians were within the meaning of fundamentalism (prior to the split), including [[Isaac Newton]] and [[Bernard Riemann]].