Changes

===Latin America===

===Latin America===

The Nixon administration sought to protect the economic and commercial interests of the United States during a period of heightened Latin American nationalism and expropriations, 1969-74. Though the administration initially adopted a flexible policy toward Latin American governments that nationalized American corporations' assets, the influence of Nixon's economic ideology, domestic political pressures, and the advice of Secretary of the Treasury [[John Connally]], led to a more confrontational stance toward Latin American countries. As the Department of State, the Department of Defense, the National Security Council, and Kissinger had warned, however, Latin American countries took an even more anti-US stance and expropriated even more assets. Nixon's "get tough" stance, therefore, had a negative effect on American credibility and influence in the hemisphere.<ref>Hal Brands, "Richard Nixon and Economic Nationalism in Latin America: the Problem of Expropriations, 1969-1974." ''Diplomacy & Statecraft'' 2007 18(1): 215-235. Issn: 0959-2296 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]</ref>

The Nixon administration sought to protect the economic and commercial interests of the United States during a period of heightened Latin American nationalism and expropriations, 1969–74. Though the administration initially adopted a flexible policy toward Latin American governments that nationalized American corporations' assets, the influence of Nixon's economic ideology, domestic political pressures, and the advice of Secretary of the Treasury [[John Connally]], led to a more confrontational stance toward Latin American countries. As the Department of State, the Department of Defense, the National Security Council, and Kissinger had warned, however, Latin American countries took an even more anti-US stance and expropriated even more assets. Nixon's "get tough" stance, therefore, had a negative effect on American credibility and influence in the hemisphere.<ref>Hal Brands, "Richard Nixon and Economic Nationalism in Latin America: the Problem of Expropriations, 1969-1974." ''Diplomacy & Statecraft'' 2007 18(1): 215-235. Issn: 0959-2296 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]</ref>

The ''de facto'' Communist dictatorship in [[Chile]] headed by [[Salvador Allende]] (originally elected in 1970 with a minority of the vote) presented a major obstacle to American interests in the region.   

The ''de facto'' Communist dictatorship in [[Chile]] headed by [[Salvador Allende]] (originally elected in 1970 with a minority of the vote) presented a major obstacle to American interests in the region.   

The Democrats in Congress cut off aid to UNITA under President Ford, just as they abandoned South Vietnam and Cambodia to murderous Communist bloodbath.  "''A great nation cannot escape its responsibilities,''" Ford admonished them.  Emboldened, Cuba would soon militarily intervene on behalf of the Communist dictatorship in [[Ethiopia]], which killed 1.25 million people through massacre and forced starvation.<ref>Washington Post, March 18, 1978; New York Times, December 14, 1994.</ref>

The Democrats in Congress cut off aid to UNITA under President Ford, just as they abandoned South Vietnam and Cambodia to murderous Communist bloodbath.  "''A great nation cannot escape its responsibilities,''" Ford admonished them.  Emboldened, Cuba would soon militarily intervene on behalf of the Communist dictatorship in [[Ethiopia]], which killed 1.25 million people through massacre and forced starvation.<ref>Washington Post, March 18, 1978; New York Times, December 14, 1994.</ref>

The Nixon White House staunchly opposed the maniacal tyrant [[Idi Amin]] of [[Uganda]], who slaughtered 100-500,000 innocent people and ethnically cleansed<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/7/newsid_2492000/2492333.stm</ref> Uganda of all Asians.  Amin was armed almost exclusively by the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Libya]].  The US urged Americans to evacuate the country, and began developing contingency plans to combat the regime's threatening posture in 1972.<ref>http://www.paperlessarchives.com/idi_amin.html</ref>  Ambassador Thomas P. Melady described the Amin regime as "racist, erratic, brutal, inept, bellicose, irrational, ridiculous, militaristic, and, above all, xenophobic."<ref>http://www.paperlessarchives.com/idi_amin.html</ref>  The British, fearful of a massacre, sought American help in preparing the logistics for an evacuation of the 7,000 British subjects in the country, should it prove necessary.<ref>http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,906445-3,00.html</ref>  Kissinger and Nixon agreed.  On September 24, 1972, they had the following conversation:

The Nixon White House staunchly opposed the maniacal tyrant [[Idi Amin]] of [[Uganda]], who slaughtered 100–500,000 innocent people and ethnically cleansed<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/7/newsid_2492000/2492333.stm</ref> Uganda of all Asians.  Amin was armed almost exclusively by the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Libya]].  The US urged Americans to evacuate the country, and began developing contingency plans to combat the regime's threatening posture in 1972.<ref>http://www.paperlessarchives.com/idi_amin.html</ref>  Ambassador Thomas P. Melady described the Amin regime as "racist, erratic, brutal, inept, bellicose, irrational, ridiculous, militaristic, and, above all, xenophobic."<ref>http://www.paperlessarchives.com/idi_amin.html</ref>  The British, fearful of a massacre, sought American help in preparing the logistics for an evacuation of the 7,000 British subjects in the country, should it prove necessary.<ref>http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,906445-3,00.html</ref>  Kissinger and Nixon agreed.  On September 24, 1972, they had the following conversation:

: '''Nixon''':  Isn’t a person a person, goddamnit?  You know, they talk about Vietnam, ‘these people far away that we don’t know,’ and you remember Chamberlain talking about the Czechs, that they’re far away and we don’t know them very well?  Well, goddamnit, people are people! … I’m getting tired of this business of letting these Africans beat a hundred thousand people to death and do nothing about it.

: '''Nixon''':  Isn’t a person a person, goddamnit?  You know, they talk about Vietnam, ‘these people far away that we don’t know,’ and you remember Chamberlain talking about the Czechs, that they’re far away and we don’t know them very well?  Well, goddamnit, people are people! … I’m getting tired of this business of letting these Africans beat a hundred thousand people to death and do nothing about it.

Out of office Kissinger became a highly visible corporate consultant on world affairs, and wrote his detailed and insightful memoirs.  His advice has been sought out by every President since his retirement, and he was one of President [[George W. Bush]]'s most-frequent advisors on the [[Iraq War]].  He also helped design the Bush administration's opening to [[India]] in the wake of the War on Terror.

Out of office Kissinger became a highly visible corporate consultant on world affairs, and wrote his detailed and insightful memoirs.  His advice has been sought out by every President since his retirement, and he was one of President [[George W. Bush]]'s most-frequent advisors on the [[Iraq War]].  He also helped design the Bush administration's opening to [[India]] in the wake of the War on Terror.

Kissinger has met with Russian leader [[Vladimir Putin]] on several occasions in an attempt to buttress US-Russian relations.  Noting that the US has no border with Russia nor designs on Russian territory, as well as Russia's frontiers with both the Islamic world and China; Kissinger believes that the United States and Russia have compatible interests.<ref>http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/personoftheyear/article/0,28804,1690753_1690757_1691285-1,00.html></ref>  He is apparently well-liked by some in the Russian press.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/07/world/europe/07russiasumm.html?_r=1 Although Russian TV calls him a "war criminal" due to his imaginary crimes in Vietnam and Cambodia.</ref>

Kissinger has met with Russian leader [[Vladimir Putin]] on several occasions in an attempt to buttress US-Russian relations.  Noting that the US has no border with Russia nor designs on Russian territory, as well as Russia's frontiers with both the Islamic world and China; Kissinger believes that the United States and Russia have compatible interests.<ref>http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/personoftheyear/article/0,28804,1690753_1690757_1691285-1,00.html</ref>  He is apparently well-liked by some in the Russian press.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/07/world/europe/07russiasumm.html?_r=1 Although Russian TV calls him a "war criminal" due to his imaginary crimes in Vietnam and Cambodia.</ref>

Kissinger has strongly supported the foreign policy of President Bush, writing:

Kissinger has strongly supported the foreign policy of President Bush, writing:

*  Garthoff, Raymond L. ''Detente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan '' (2nd ed. 1994) [https://www.amazon.com/Detente-Confrontation-American-Soviet-Relations-Reagan/dp/0815730411/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1215175809&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search], favorable analysis by proponent of detente

*  Garthoff, Raymond L. ''Detente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan '' (2nd ed. 1994) [https://www.amazon.com/Detente-Confrontation-American-Soviet-Relations-Reagan/dp/0815730411/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1215175809&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search], favorable analysis by proponent of detente

* Goh, Evelyn.  ''Constructing the U.S. Rapprochement with China, 1961-1974: From "Red Menace" to "Tacit Ally."'' (2005). 299 pp.   

* Goh, Evelyn.  ''Constructing the U.S. Rapprochement with China, 1961-1974: From "Red Menace" to "Tacit Ally."'' (2005). 299 pp.   

* Goh, Evelyn. "Nixon, Kissinger, and the 'Soviet Card' in the U.S. Opening to China, 1971-1974." ''Diplomatic History'' 2005 29(3): 475-502. Issn: 0145-2096 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]

* Goh, Evelyn. "Nixon, Kissinger, and the 'Soviet Card' in the U.S. Opening to China, 1971-1974." ''Diplomatic History'' 2005 29(3): 475–502. Issn: 0145-2096 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]

* Hanhimäki, Jussi M. "'Dr. Kissinger' or 'Mr. Henry'? Kissingerology, Thirty Years and Counting." ''Diplomatic History'' 2003 27(5): 637-676 full text at [[EBSCO]]

* Hanhimäki, Jussi M. "'Dr. Kissinger' or 'Mr. Henry'? Kissingerology, Thirty Years and Counting." ''Diplomatic History'' 2003 27(5): 637-676 full text at [[EBSCO]]

* Hanhimäki, Jussi M. "Ironies and Turning Points: Détente in Perspective," in Odd Arne Westad, ed. ''Reviewing the Cold War: Approaches, Interpretations, Theory'' (2000), pp 326–42; [https://www.amazon.com/Reviewing-Cold-War-Approaches-Interpretations/dp/0714681202/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1215175936&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]

* Hanhimäki, Jussi M. "Ironies and Turning Points: Détente in Perspective," in Odd Arne Westad, ed. ''Reviewing the Cold War: Approaches, Interpretations, Theory'' (2000), pp 326–42; [https://www.amazon.com/Reviewing-Cold-War-Approaches-Interpretations/dp/0714681202/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1215175936&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]

* Serewicz, Lawrence W. ''America at the Brink of Empire: Rusk, Kissinger, And the Vietnam War'' (2007), stresses commitment to [[republicanism]] [https://www.amazon.com/America-Brink-Empire-Kissinger-Traditions/dp/0807131792/ref=sr_1_6?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211741669&sr=8-6 excerpt and text search]; [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=175941177686117 online review]

* Serewicz, Lawrence W. ''America at the Brink of Empire: Rusk, Kissinger, And the Vietnam War'' (2007), stresses commitment to [[republicanism]] [https://www.amazon.com/America-Brink-Empire-Kissinger-Traditions/dp/0807131792/ref=sr_1_6?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211741669&sr=8-6 excerpt and text search]; [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=175941177686117 online review]

* Suri, Jeremi. ''Henry Kissinger and the American Century'' (2007), intellectual biography focused on pre-1969

* Suri, Jeremi. ''Henry Kissinger and the American Century'' (2007), intellectual biography focused on pre-1969

* Tucker, Nancy Bernkopf. "Taiwan Expendable? Nixon and Kissinger Go to China." ''Journal of American History'' 2005 92(1): 109-135. [http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jah/92.1/tucker.html in  History Cooperative]

* Tucker, Nancy Bernkopf. "Taiwan Expendable? Nixon and Kissinger Go to China." ''Journal of American History'' 2005 92(1): 109–135. [http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jah/92.1/tucker.html in  History Cooperative]

* Warner, Geoffrey. "Nixon, Kissinger and the Rapprochement with China, 1969-1972." ''International Affairs'' 2007 83(4): 763-781. Issn: 0020-5850 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]

* Warner, Geoffrey. "Nixon, Kissinger and the Rapprochement with China, 1969-1972." ''International Affairs'' 2007 83(4): 763–781. Issn: 0020-5850 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]

* Willbanks, James H. ''Abandoning Vietnam: How America Left and South Vietnam Lost Its War'' (2004) [https://www.amazon.com/Abandoning-Vietnam-America-Left-South/dp/0700613315/ref=sr_1_15?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211741669&sr=8-15 excerpt and text search]

* Willbanks, James H. ''Abandoning Vietnam: How America Left and South Vietnam Lost Its War'' (2004) [https://www.amazon.com/Abandoning-Vietnam-America-Left-South/dp/0700613315/ref=sr_1_15?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211741669&sr=8-15 excerpt and text search]