Changes

“Party” or “party member” (which can also be interpreted as “gang” or “gang member”) carries a derogatory meaning.

“Party” or “party member” (which can also be interpreted as “gang” or “gang member”) carries a derogatory meaning.

Confucius said, “A gentleman is proud without being aggressive, sociable but not partisan.” [2] The footnotes of “Analects” (“Lunyu”) explain, “People who help one another conceal their wrongdoings are said to be forming a gang (party).” [3]  

[[Confucius]] said, “A gentleman is proud without being aggressive, sociable but not [[partisan]].” [2] The footnotes of “Analects” (“Lunyu”) explain, “People who help one another conceal their wrongdoings are said to be forming a gang (party).” [3]  

In Chinese history, political cliques were often called “peng dang” (cabal). It is a synonym for “gang of scoundrels” in traditional Chinese culture, and the meaning implies ganging up for selfish purposes.<ref>http://www.ninecommentaries.com/english-2</ref>}}

In [[History of China|Chinese history]], political cliques were often called “peng dang” (cabal). It is a synonym for “gang of scoundrels” in traditional Chinese culture, and the meaning implies ganging up for selfish purposes.<ref>http://www.ninecommentaries.com/english-2</ref>}}

==Soviet Comintern affiliate==

==Soviet Comintern affiliate==