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[[Image:Mustafa Kemal Ataturk 1919 Sivas Congress (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Atatürk]]

'''Mustafa Kemal Atatürk''' (1881 – 1938) was a military commander of the Ottoman Army during [[World War I]], and a revolutionary statesman who founded the Republic of [[Turkey]]. Until the Surname Law, his legal name was Mustafa Kemal Pasha, he changed it to Kemal Atatürk in 1934,<ref>[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn_993_814_seri_numaral%C4%B1_n%C3%BCfus_c%C3%BCzdan%C4%B1.jpg ID card from 1934]</ref> and then Kamâl Atatürk in 1935.<ref>[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn_993_815_seri_numaral%C4%B1_n%C3%BCfus_c%C3%BCzdan%C4%B1.jpg ID card from 1935]</ref>

| image        =[[Image:Mustafa Kemal Ataturk 1919 Sivas Congress (cropped).jpg|200px]]

| name        =Kemal Atatürk

| birth        =1881<br/>Salonica, Ottoman Macedonia, Ottoman Empire

| religion    =[[Sunni]]sm (rejected)<br/>Atheist

| children    =9 (adopted)

| death        =November 10, 1938<br/>Ankara, Turkey

| military    =Ottoman Army (1893–1919)<br/>Army of the Grand National Assembly (1920–1923)<br/>Turkish Army (1923–1927)

| rank        =Major General (Ottoman Army)<br/>Marshal (Turkish Army)

| polbeliefs  =[[Republicanism]]<br/>[[Nationalism]]<br/>[[Secularism]]<br/>[[Populism]]<br/>[[Statism]]<br/>[[Reform]]ism

| war          =Revolt against the Allies and the legal government in Constantinople ("Turkish War of Independence")

| deathnumber  =264,000 Greek civilians<br/>60,000–250,000 Armenian civilians<br/>Thousands of Ottomans supporting the legal Constantinople government

'''Mustafa Kemal''', after 1934 '''Kemal Atatürk'''<ref>[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn_993_814_seri_numaral%C4%B1_n%C3%BCfus_c%C3%BCzdan%C4%B1.jpg ID card from 1934]</ref> (or alternatively written as '''Kamâl Atatürk'''<ref>[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn_993_815_seri_numaral%C4%B1_n%C3%BCfus_c%C3%BCzdan%C4%B1.jpg ID card from 1935]</ref>; 1881 – 1938) was a Turkish military commander of the Ottoman Army during [[World War I]] and the founding father of the Turkish [[nation state]]. After the defeat of the [[Central Powers]] in World War I, he started a [[Nationalism|nationalist]] revolt against the legal Ottoman Imperial Government in [[Constantinople]] and the authorized Allied Powers. In this rebellion, he got stronger with support from other Ottoman army officers, politicians, and the people. He won his war against Constantinople and the Allies, then founded the Republic of [[Turkey]]. He inspired [[Adolf Hitler]] with these actions.<ref>In his [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_Address_to_the_Reichstag_(4_May_1941) address to the Reichstag on May 4, 1941], [[Adolf Hitler]] said: {{cquote|"Turkey had been our ally in the [[World War I|World War]]. Its unfortunate result was as heavy a burden for Turkey as it was for us. The great and ingenious reconstructor of the new Turkey gave his Allies, beaten by fate, the first example of resurrection. While Turkey, thanks to the realistic attitude of her State leadership, preserved her independent attitude Yugoslavia fell a victim to British intrigues."}}</ref>

[[Islamism|Islamists]] all over the world hate him because of his secularist reforms.<ref>Umut Azak: ''Islam and Secularism in Turkey: Kemalism, Religion and the Nation State.'' I.B.Tauris, 2010, p.&nbsp;134.</ref> However, he inspired some Muslims, the moderate ones.<ref>{{cite book |author = M. Şükrü Hanioğlu |title = Atatürk: An Intellectual Biography |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dNFhZzug6tMC&pg=PA128 |accessdate = June 5, 2013 |date = May 9, 2011 |publisher = Princeton University Press |isbn = 978-1-4008-3817-2 |page = 128 }}</ref>

Atatürk was a successful division commander in the [[Battle of Gallipoli]]. The Allies defeated the [[Ottoman Empire]] and arranged for its partition. Thereupon, after a few congresses, he led an organized political resistance in Asia Minor by establishing a new assembly and government in [[Ankara]] (at that time Angora). Atatürk defeated the forces sent by the Allies, thus emerging victorious from what was later referred to as the "Turkish War of Independence" (in fact, this war was a revolt against the victorious Allied Powers of WWI and the legal government of the Ottoman Empire in [[Constantinople]]). Then he deposed the last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire in 1922 and became the first President of Turkey in 1923. Atatürk led a political, legal, religious, cultural, social, and economic revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social and political systems with ones that were modern, scientific, secularized and based on the [[rationalism|rationalist]] [[Enlightenment]]. He abolished the [[caliphate]], a remnant of the former monarchy, and exiled the Ottoman dynasty from Turkey. Atatürk took all schools under the control of the Turkish government and abolished the privileges granted to foreigners. It is estimated that most of Turks are [[Muslim]] (and most of them are conservative), but Atatürk established a [[secular]] rule based on a strong military. He abolished the [[sharia law]] and gave women the right to vote and hold government positions. As a result of his efforts, Turkey was the only Muslim country to independently hold democratic elections. [[Islamism|Islamists]] all over the world hate him because of his secularist reforms.<ref>Umut Azak: ''Islam and Secularism in Turkey: Kemalism, Religion and the Nation State.'' I.B.Tauris, 2010, p.&nbsp;134.</ref> However, he inspired some Muslims, the moderate ones.<ref>{{cite book |author = M. Şükrü Hanioğlu |title = Atatürk: An Intellectual Biography |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dNFhZzug6tMC&pg=PA128 |accessdate = June 5, 2013 |date = May 9, 2011 |publisher = Princeton University Press |isbn = 978-1-4008-3817-2 |page = 128 }}</ref> He also carried out a [[nationalization]] policy in economy and a Turkicization policy throughout the country.

 

[[Samuel P. Huntington]] defines "Kemalism" as a response to attempts at "reconciliation of [[Islam]] and [[Modernization|modernity]]", or to modernize Islam without Westernization.

Atatürk was a successful division commander in the [[Battle of Gallipoli]]. The [[Allies]] defeated the [[Ottoman Empire]] and arranged for its partition. Thereupon, after a few congresses, he led an organized political resistance in Asia Minor by establishing a new assembly and government in Ankara. Atatürk defeated the forces sent by the Allies, thus emerging victorious from what was later referred to as the Turkish War of Independence. Then he deposed the last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire in 1922 and became the first President of Turkey in 1923. Atatürk led a political, legal, religious, cultural, social, and economic revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social and political systems with ones that were modern, scientific, secularized and based on the [[rationalism|rationalist]] [[Enlightenment]]. It is estimated that most of Turks are [[Muslim]] (and most of them are conservative), but Atatürk established a [[secular]] rule based on a strong military. He abolished the [[sharia law]] and gave women the right to vote and hold government positions. As a result of his efforts, Turkey was the only Muslim country to independently hold democratic elections.

[[Samuel P. Huntington]] defines "Kemalism" as a response to attempts at "reconciliation of [[Islam]] and [[Modernization|modernity]]", or to modernize Islam without Westernization.  

Harold C. Armstrong, British officer who was captured by the Ottomans in World War I, described Atatürk as follows:

<blockquote>''He is a man born out of due season, an anachronism, a throw-back to the Tartars<!--sic--> of the Steppes<!--sic-->, a fierce elemental force of a man. Had he been born in the centuries when all Central Asia was on the move he would have ridden out with Sulyman Shah<!--sic--> under the banner of the Grey Wolf, and with the heart and instincts of a Grey Wolf. With his military genius, and his ruthless determination unweakened by sentiments, loyalties or moralities, he might well have been a [[Timur|Tamerlane<!--sic-->]] or a [[Genghis Khan|Jenghis Khan<!--sic-->]] riding at the head of great hordes of wild horsemen, conquering countries, devouring and destroying cities, and filling in the intervals of peace between campaigns with wild and hideous orgies of wine and women.'' [http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201032/page/n333/mode/2up ''Grey Wolf: Mustafa Kemal – An intimate study of a dictator'' (fifth cheap edition, July 1935), p. 333]</blockquote>

<blockquote>''The National Assembly which first convened on 23 April 1920 in Ankara was the first clue to the Turkish Republic. The successful management of the War of Independence by this assembly accelerated the founding of the new Turkish State. On 1 November 1922, the offices of the Sultan and caliph were severed from one other and the former was abolished. There was no longer any administrative ties with the Ottoman Empire. On 29 October 1923, Turkish Republic was formally proclaimed and Atatürk was unanimously elected as its first President. On 30 October 1923, the first government of the Republic was formed by İsmet İnönü. Turkish Republic started to grow on the foundations of the twin principles "Sovereignty, unconditionally belongs to the nation" and "peace at home, peace in the world".'' [http://www.ataturk.com/content/view/24/43/ Biography of Atatürk]</blockquote>

<blockquote>''The National Assembly which first convened on 23 April 1920 in Ankara was the first clue to the Turkish Republic. The successful management of the War of Independence by this assembly accelerated the founding of the new Turkish State. On 1 November 1922, the offices of the Sultan and caliph were severed from one other and the former was abolished. There was no longer any administrative ties with the Ottoman Empire. On 29 October 1923, Turkish Republic was formally proclaimed and Atatürk was unanimously elected as its first President. On 30 October 1923, the first government of the Republic was formed by İsmet İnönü. Turkish Republic started to grow on the foundations of the twin principles "Sovereignty, unconditionally belongs to the nation" and "peace at home, peace in the world".'' [http://www.ataturk.com/content/view/24/43/ Biography of Atatürk]</blockquote>

== See also ==

== See also ==

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q9EkewZea3k Incredible Turk (1958) – The first documentary on Atatürk]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q9EkewZea3k Incredible Turk (1958) – The first documentary on Atatürk]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7RfCGap0Pic John F. Kennedy – Speech about Atatürk]

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7RfCGap0Pic John F. Kennedy – Speech about Atatürk]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal}}

[[Category:Turkey]]

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[[Category:Military Commanders]]

[[Category:Military Commanders]]

[[Category:Heads of State]]

[[Category:Heads of State]]