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China has long known about nuclear high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) and invested in protecting military forces and critical infrastructures from HEMP and other nuclear weapon effects during the [[Cold War]], and continuing today. China has HEMP simulators and defensive and offensive programs that are almost certainly more robust than any in the United States. China's military doctrine regards nuclear HEMP attack as an extension of information or cyberwarfare, and deserving highest priority as the most likely kind of future warfare.<ref>Some of China’s scientists have even published openly in the West their technical assessments of “high-altitude electromagnetic pulse waveform amplitudes at satellite orbits” as in Cui Meng, “Numerical Simulation of the EMPEnvironment” IEEE Transaction on Electromagnetic Compatibility (June 2013). Dr. Peter Vincent Pry, "Foreign Views of Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Attack," Testimony on behalf of EMP Commission before the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Homeland Security, Senate Committee on the Judiciary (Washington, D.C.: March 9, 2005). EMP Commission, Foreign Views of Electromagnetic Pulse Attack (Washington, DC: July 2017).</ref>

China has long known about nuclear high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) and invested in protecting military forces and critical infrastructures from HEMP and other nuclear weapon effects during the [[Cold War]], and continuing today. China has HEMP simulators and defensive and offensive programs that are almost certainly more robust than any in the United States. China's military doctrine regards nuclear HEMP attack as an extension of information or cyberwarfare, and deserving highest priority as the most likely kind of future warfare.<ref>Some of China’s scientists have even published openly in the West their technical assessments of “high-altitude electromagnetic pulse waveform amplitudes at satellite orbits” as in Cui Meng, “Numerical Simulation of the EMPEnvironment” IEEE Transaction on Electromagnetic Compatibility (June 2013). Dr. Peter Vincent Pry, "Foreign Views of Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Attack," Testimony on behalf of EMP Commission before the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Homeland Security, Senate Committee on the Judiciary (Washington, D.C.: March 9, 2005). EMP Commission, Foreign Views of Electromagnetic Pulse Attack (Washington, DC: July 2017).</ref>

   

   

Chinese military writings are replete with references to making HEMP attacks against the United States as a means of prevailing in war. The foremost [[People's Liberation Army]] textbook on information warfare, Shen Weiguang's, ''World War, the Third World War—Total Information Warfare'', explicitly calls upon China to be prepared to exploit HEMP offensively—and to defend against it:<ref>Ibid and textbook: Shen Weiguang, ''World War, the Third World War--Total Information Warfare'' (Beijing: XinhuaPublishing House, June 1, 2001) translated in Foreign Broadcast Information System (FBIS) CPP20000517000168. See also Wang Xiaodong, "Special Means of Warfare in the Information Age," Jianchuan Zhishi (June 30, 1999)translated in FBIS FTS19990727000426. Zhang Shougi and Sun Xuegi, "Be Vigilant Against 'Pearl Harbor' Incident in the Information Age," Jiefangjun Bao (May 14, 1996) translated in FBIS FTS19960514000049.</ref>

Chinese military writings are replete with references to making HEMP attacks against the [[United States]] as a means of prevailing in war. The foremost [[People's Liberation Army]] textbook on information warfare, Shen Weiguang's, ''World War, the Third World War—Total Information Warfare'', explicitly calls upon China to be prepared to exploit HEMP offensively—and to defend against it:<ref>Ibid and textbook: Shen Weiguang, ''World War, the Third World War--Total Information Warfare'' (Beijing: XinhuaPublishing House, June 1, 2001) translated in Foreign Broadcast Information System (FBIS) CPP20000517000168. See also Wang Xiaodong, "Special Means of Warfare in the Information Age," Jianchuan Zhishi (June 30, 1999)translated in FBIS FTS19990727000426. Zhang Shougi and Sun Xuegi, "Be Vigilant Against 'Pearl Harbor' Incident in the Information Age," Jiefangjun Bao (May 14, 1996) translated in FBIS FTS19960514000049.</ref>

{{quotebox|“With their massive destructiveness, long-range nuclear weapons have combined with highly sophisticated information technology and information warfare under nuclear deterrence....Information war and traditional war have one thing in common, namely that the country which possesses the critical weapons such as atomic bombs will have ‘first strike’ and ‘second-strike retaliation’ capabilities....As soon as its computer networks come under attack and are destroyed, the country will slip into a state of paralysis and the lives of its people will ground to a halt. Therefore, China should focus on measures to counter computer viruses, nuclear electromagnetic pulse...and quickly achieve breakthroughs in those technologies in order to equip China without delay with equivalent deterrence that will enable it to stand up to the military powers in the information age and neutralize and check the deterrence of Western powers, including the United States.”}}

{{quotebox|“With their massive destructiveness, long-range nuclear weapons have combined with highly sophisticated information technology and information warfare under nuclear deterrence....Information war and traditional war have one thing in common, namely that the country which possesses the critical weapons such as atomic bombs will have ‘first strike’ and ‘second-strike retaliation’ capabilities....As soon as its computer networks come under attack and are destroyed, the country will slip into a state of paralysis and the lives of its people will ground to a halt. Therefore, China should focus on measures to counter computer viruses, nuclear electromagnetic pulse...and quickly achieve breakthroughs in those technologies in order to equip China without delay with equivalent deterrence that will enable it to stand up to the military powers in the information age and neutralize and check the deterrence of Western powers, including the United States.”}}

China's military doctrine closely associates cyber-attacks with nuclear HEMP attack, as part of a combined operation in what they call Total Information Warfare. Cyber bugs and hacking are the tip of the spear, the functional equivalent of scouts and sappers who do reconnaissance and secretly prepare the beaches for the arrival of D-Day, or like the motorcycle troops that preceded the heavy armored divisions in Germany's Blitzkrieg.  Therefore, China's cyber-attacks (for example, most notoriously in June 2015 on computers in virtually every federal agency, stealing sensitive information on millions of federal employees, reportedly on every employee of the Federal government) should be regarded as possible practice or preparation for Total Information Warfare—including nuclear HEMP attack. An article “Overview of Electromagnetic Pulse Weapons and Protection Techniques Against Them” from the People’s Republic of China’s Air Force Engineering University describes nuclear EMP weapons as the most powerful and effective variant of electronic warfare weapons for waging Information Warfare. Nuclear and non-nuclear EMP weapons in the context of Information Warfare are the crucial instruments for implementing this Revolution in Military Affairs:

China's military doctrine closely associates cyber-attacks with nuclear HEMP attack, as part of a combined operation in what they call Total Information Warfare. Cyber bugs and hacking are the tip of the spear, the functional equivalent of scouts and sappers who do reconnaissance and secretly prepare the beaches for the arrival of D-Day, or like the motorcycle troops that preceded the heavy armored divisions in Germany's Blitzkrieg.  Therefore, China's cyber-attacks (for example, most notoriously in June 2015 on computers in virtually every federal agency, stealing sensitive information on millions of federal employees, reportedly on every employee of the Federal government) should be regarded as possible practice or preparation for Total Information Warfare—including nuclear HEMP attack. An article “Overview of Electromagnetic Pulse Weapons and Protection Techniques Against Them” from the People’s Republic of China’s Air Force Engineering University describes nuclear EMP weapons as the most powerful and effective variant of electronic warfare weapons for waging Information Warfare. Nuclear and non-nuclear EMP weapons in the context of Information Warfare are the crucial instruments for implementing this Revolution in Military Affairs:

<center>'''China Has Super-EMP Weapons'''</center>

<center>'''China Has Super-EMP Weapons'''</center>

Chinese open-source military writings describe the possession of Super-EMP weapons, as seen above for example in the article from the PRC Air Force Engineering University. How to execute a nuclear HEMP attack on Taiwan using a Super-EMP weapon was described in an interview with one of the founders of the PRC's nuclear weapons program and Deputy Director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics, General Lin Chin-ching.<ref>Ibid. Seij Yajima interviews General Lin Chin-ching, Sankei Shimbum (November 5, 1999) translated in FBISFTS19991105000047. EMP attack on Taiwan described in Qi Leyi interview with He Zuoxiu, "It Is Impossible To Steal Top Secrets of Nuclear Weapons" Chung-kuo Shih-Pao (November 26, 2000) translated in FBISCPP20001127000030.</ref>

Chinese open-source military writings describe the possession of Super-EMP weapons, as seen above for example in the article from the PRC Air Force Engineering University. How to execute a nuclear HEMP attack on [[Taiwan]] using a Super-EMP weapon was described in an interview with one of the founders of the PRC's nuclear weapons program and Deputy Director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics, General Lin Chin-ching.<ref>Ibid. Seij Yajima interviews General Lin Chin-ching, Sankei Shimbum (November 5, 1999) translated in FBISFTS19991105000047. EMP attack on Taiwan described in Qi Leyi interview with He Zuoxiu, "It Is Impossible To Steal Top Secrets of Nuclear Weapons" Chung-kuo Shih-Pao (November 26, 2000) translated in FBISCPP20001127000030.</ref>

Taiwan military intelligence in open sources credits China with having a Super-EMP nuclear weapon—based on design information stolen from the U.S. nuclear weapon labs. Taiwan is generally regarded as the nation most expert on China's military capabilities, doctrine, and planning, just as Israel is generally regarded as the nation most expert on the military threat posed by its neighbors. Taiwan’s military analysts agree with the People’s Republic of China that, “The EMP attack scenario presents the only attack option that meets the demand for making the first, paralyzing strike of a war, paving the way for the other troops to attack Taiwan.” According to a briefing from Taiwan’s Military College of National Defense University titled “Electromagnetic PulseAttack and Defense” the People’s Republic of China:

Taiwan military intelligence in open sources credits China with having a Super-EMP nuclear weapon—based on design information stolen from the U.S. nuclear weapon labs. Taiwan is generally regarded as the nation most expert on China's military capabilities, doctrine, and planning, just as [[Israel]] is generally regarded as the nation most expert on the military threat posed by its neighbors. Taiwan’s military analysts agree with the [[People’s Republic of China]] that, “The EMP attack scenario presents the only attack option that meets the demand for making the first, paralyzing strike of a war, paving the way for the other troops to attack Taiwan.” According to a briefing from Taiwan’s Military College of National Defense University titled “Electromagnetic Pulse Attack and Defense” the People’s Republic of China:

{{quotebox-float|“Used spies in the United States and engaged Russian technical consultants, resulting in the successful manufacture of a mini bomb using implosion technology…Military experts believe the Communist Armed Forces are capable of deploying a kiloton grade EMP warhead today…The EMP attack scenario presents the only attack option that meets the demand for making the first, paralyzing strike of a war, paving the way for the other troops to attack Taiwan.”<ref>Dr. Chien Chung, Department of Nuclear Science, National Tsing Hua University, Military Lecturer for Military College of National Defense University, briefing “Electromagnetic Pulse and Defense” (Taiwan: Undated circa2006).</ref>

{{quotebox-float|“Used spies in the United States and engaged [[Russia]]n technical consultants, resulting in the successful manufacture of a mini bomb using implosion technology…Military experts believe the Communist Armed Forces are capable of deploying a kiloton grade EMP warhead today…The EMP attack scenario presents the only attack option that meets the demand for making the first, paralyzing strike of a war, paving the way for the other troops to attack Taiwan.”<ref>Dr. Chien Chung, Department of Nuclear Science, National Tsing Hua University, Military Lecturer for Military College of National Defense University, briefing “Electromagnetic Pulse and Defense” (Taiwan: Undated circa2006).</ref>}}

Another article “Special Means of Warfare in the Information Age” notes that Information Warfare includes computer viruses and EMP attack, and can be used to collapse an enemy’s electric grid and other national critical infrastructures:

Another article “Special Means of Warfare in the Information Age” notes that Information Warfare includes computer viruses and EMP attack, and can be used to collapse an enemy’s electric grid and other national critical infrastructures: