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[[File:Mosque.jpg|right|thumb|The Dome of the Rock is an Islamic shrine on the [[Temple Mount]] in Jerusalem. During the Crusades, it was the headquarters of the [[Knights Templar]].]]The '''Dome of the Rock''' is an [[Islamic]] shrine in Jerusalem. It is the high point of the [[Temple Mount]], biblical Mount Moriah.  

[[File:Mosque.jpg|right|thumb|The Dome of the Rock is an Islamic shrine on the [[Temple Mount]] in Jerusalem. During the Crusades, it was the headquarters of the [[Knights Templar]].]]The '''Dome of the Rock''' is an [[Islamic]] shrine in Jerusalem. It is the high point of the [[Temple Mount]], biblical Mount Moriah. [[Muhammed]] said that in a dream he ascended to "heaven" from the Temple Mount, which Muslims refer to as the "Noble Sanctuary."<ref>Tamar Mayer, ‎Suleiman A. Mourad, "Jerusalem: Idea and Reality," Routledge, (2008), p. 87.

 

[[Muhammed]] said that in a dream he ascended to "heaven" from the Temple Mount, which Muslims refer to as the "Noble Sanctuary."<ref>Tamar Mayer, ‎Suleiman A. Mourad, "Jerusalem: Idea and Reality," Routledge, (2008), p. 87.

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Most of those who asserted that Muhammad could have seen Jerusalem—making the connection between the Aqsa mosque and Jerusalem's Temple Mount area—admitted that the vision was in the form of a dream</blockquote></ref>

Most of those who asserted that Muhammad could have seen Jerusalem—making the connection between the Aqsa mosque and Jerusalem's Temple Mount area—admitted that the vision was in the form of a dream</blockquote></ref>

Muslim authorities do not accept the tradition that Mohammad ascended from the Rock specifically.<ref>"[http://www.islamicencyclopedia.org/islamic-pedia-topic.php?id=641 Masjid al-Aqsa]", ''Islamic Encyclopedia,'' Mon, 13 Oct, 2014.</ref> The Temple Mount is Islam's third holiest site. The dome was built in 691, making it one of the oldest examples of notable Islamic architecture.

Muslim authorities do not accept the tradition that Mohammad ascended from the Rock specifically.<ref>"[http://www.islamicencyclopedia.org/islamic-pedia-topic.php?id=641 Masjid al-Aqsa]", ''Islamic Encyclopedia,'' Mon, 13 Oct, 2014.</ref> The Temple Mount is Islam's third holiest site. The dome was built in 691, making it one of the oldest examples of notable Islamic architecture.

In Jewish tradition, the rock under the dome is identified with the [[foundation stone]].<ref>[https://templeinstitute.org/illustrated-tour-the-holy-of-holies/ Temple Inst.]<blockquote>The Foundation Stone.

In Jewish tradition, the rock under the dome is identified with the [[foundation stone]] on which the [[Ark of Covenant]] rested at the Temple.<ref>[https://templeinstitute.org/illustrated-tour-the-holy-of-holies/ Temple Inst.]<blockquote>The Foundation Stone.

In the center of the Holy of Holies stood the Foundation Stone that was placed there by David and Samuel. The Hebrew name Even Shetiya (Foundation Stone) refers to the tradition that the world was created and emanated from this place.

In the center of the Holy of Holies stood the Foundation Stone that was placed there by David and Samuel. The Hebrew name Even Shetiya (Foundation Stone) refers to the tradition that the world was created and emanated from this place.

During the era of the Second Temple, when the Ark was hidden underground, the High Priest would offer the incense of Yom Kippur in the Holy of Holies without the presence of the Ark, and rest the shovel holding the burning coals and incense upon the foundation stone...</blockquote></ref>

During the era of the Second Temple, when the Ark was hidden underground, the High Priest would offer the incense of Yom Kippur in the Holy of Holies without the presence of the Ark, and rest the shovel holding the burning coals and incense upon the foundation stone...</blockquote></ref>

The foundation stone is where [[Abraham]] offered up his son [[Isaac]],<ref>{{bibleverse||Genesis|22:1-24|ESV}}</ref> and it is the part of the world that came into being first during creation.<ref>{{bibleverse||Job|38:4|ESV}}</ref>

The foundation stone is where [[Abraham]] offered up his son [[Isaac]],<ref>{{bibleverse||Genesis|22:1-24|ESV}}</ref> and it is the part of the world that came into being first during creation.<ref>{{bibleverse||Job|38:4|ESV}}</ref>

== Relationship to the Temple ==

== Relationship to the Temple ==

There are several theories concerning the relationship between the Dome of the Rock and the Jewish temple.

The generally accepted view is that the Temple was where the Dome now stands. This '''central location''' theory was outlined by Rabbi David ben Zimra (“Radbaz” [1461–1571]). The Rock is identified with the Foundation Stone, which was in a room of the Temple called the [[Holy of Holies]].

[[File:Dome of the Rock and Chain Dome.jpg|thumb|left|Dome of the Rock and Dome of the Chain]]

One difficulty with the theory is that the rock housed under the Dome is 58 by 51 feet. Yet the [[Holy of Holies]] was only 20 by 20 cubits, or 30 by 30 feet. The Foundation Stone was a platform in that rose "three fingers" above the Temple floor, according to the Mishna.<ref name="blidstein">Blidstein, Gerald Y., "[https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/even-shetiyyah Even Shetiyyah]," ''Encyclopedia Judaica'', 1996.</ref> The Rock is 5 foot, 9 inches above the floor of the shrine. Furthermore, the top of the Rock appears to have been quarried at some point, suggesting that it was once even higher.

The '''northern location''' theory of physicist Asher Kaufman places the Temple was north of the Dome, with the Holy of Holies located at what is now the Shrine of the Spirits. This is due west of the blocked Golden Gate, a subject of messianic prophesy.<ref>{{bibleverse||Ezekiel|44}}</ref> A review in ''Biblical Archaeological Review'' complained that Kaufman's "reconstruction of the Inner and Outer Courts of the Temple [are] geographically and physically untenable."<ref>Schwartz, Joshua, "[https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/reviews/the-temple-mount/ The Temple Mount: Where Is the Holy of Holies?]," ''Bible History Daily,'' January 11, 2012.</ref>

 

The Foundation Stone was the resting place of the [[Ark of the Covenant]], which was lost at the time of the [[Babylonian exile]]. One difficulty with the central location theory is that the rock housed under the Dome was 58 by 51 feet. This is much larger than the Holy of Holies, which was only 20 by 20 cubits, or 30 by 30 feet.<ref name="blidstein">Blidstein, Gerald Y., "[https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/even-shetiyyah Even Shetiyyah]," ''Encyclopedia Judaica'', 1996.</ref>

 

 

'''Northern location.''' According to the "northern location" theory of Dr. Asher Kaufman, the Temple was north of the Dome, with the Holy of Holies located at what is now the Shrine of the Spirits. A review in ''Biblical Archaeological Review'' complained that Kaufman's "reconstruction of the Inner and Outer Courts of the Temple [are] geographically and physically untenable."<ref>Schwartz, Joshua, "[https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/reviews/the-temple-mount/ The Temple Mount: Where Is the Holy of Holies?]," ''Bible History Daily,'' January 11, 2012.</ref>

'''Southern location.''' Tuvia Sagiv has proposed a "southern location" theory that places the Holy of Holies at the site of Al Kas fountain, south of the Dome. Sagiv suggests that Hadrian's Jerusalem temple followed the plan another temple built by Hadrian in Baalbek, Lebanon. The Dome corresponds to the hexagonal forecourt of the classical temple.<ref>''[http://templemount.org/ The Temple Mount in Jerusalem]''</ref>

Architect Tuvia Sagiv has proposed a '''southern location''' theory that places the Holy of Holies at the site of Al Kas fountain, south of the Dome. Sagiv suggests that Hadrian's Jerusalem temple followed the plan another temple built by Hadrian in Baalbek, Lebanon. The Dome corresponds to the hexagonal forecourt of the classical temple.<ref>"[http://templemount.org/ The Temple Mount in Jerusalem]"</ref>

The location options are tied to political views. The central location theory upholds rabbinic orthodoxy. Kaufman and Sagiv both want to rebuild the Temple and have selected locations where this might be possible. This is more obviously the motivation for [[Ernest Martin]]'s theory that the Temple was not on the Temple Mount at all, but rather in the [[City of David]], which is located just south of the Temple Mount.<ref>"[https://yrm.org/lost-temple-mount-found-pt1/ The Lost Temple Mount Found]"</ref>

The location options are tied to political views. The central location theory upholds rabbinic orthodoxy. Kaufman and Sagiv both want to rebuild the Temple and have selected locations where this might be possible. This is more obviously the motivation for [[Ernest Martin]]'s theory that the Temple was not on the Temple Mount at all, but rather in the [[City of David]], which is located just south of the Temple Mount.<ref>"[https://yrm.org/lost-temple-mount-found-pt1/ The Lost Temple Mount Found]"</ref>