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Line 1: − − {fact} − − − {who} − − {RefAppeal} − − [https://www.historyofvaccines.org/index.php/content/articles/history-anti-vaccination-movements History-anti-vaccination-movements] − [https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/safety/adverse-events.html "Selected Adverse Events Reported after COVID-19 Vaccination", CDC] − − − When the 1918 flu hit, doctors and scientists were unsure what caused it or how to treat it. Unlike today, there were no effective vaccines or antivirals, drugs that treat the flu. (The first licensed flu vaccine appeared in America in the 1940s. By the following decade, vaccine manufacturers could routinely produce vaccines that would help control and prevent future pandemics.) − − ...<https://ballotpedia.org/States_that_issued_lockdown_and_stay-at-home_orders_in_response_to_the_coronavirus_(COVID-19)_pandemic,_2020> 19 out of 26 Republican governors − − − − − *During the 1918 flu some places instituted quarantines, ordering citizens "to wear masks and shut down public places, including schools, churches and theaters". People were also "advised to avoid shaking hands and to stay indoors", libraries stopped lending books and spitting banned. ''The New York Times'' reported that Boy Scouts in New York City gave spitters a "cards that read: “You are in violation of the Sanitary Code.”[https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/1918-flu-pandemic] − − Some 675,000 Americans died. Montana was one of the four hardest-hit states in the nation, as 5,000 residents, or 1% of the population, died as a result of the infection. In response to the epidemic the State Board of Health urged closing public gathering places. Such regulation spawned public resentment, but the Board of Health stood firm. Butte was the hardest hit city of Montana and one of the hardest hit in the nation. The University of Montana in Missoula closed to protect the students. In remote areas of the state isolation and limited medical personnel left many families to face illness with help from neighbors.<ref>Pierce C. Mullen, and Michael L. Nelson, "Montanans and 'The Most Peculiar Disease': the Influenza Epidemic and Public Health, 1918-1919". ''Montana: the Magazine of Western History'' 1987 37(2): 50-61; Volney Steele, "The Flu Epidemic of 1918 on the Montana Frontier." ''Journal of the West'' 2003 42(4): 81-90</ref> COPIED from [[Influenza]] article.
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