| | Nonwhites were excluded from the Democratic Party in 1890.<ref>Brown and Stentiford, ''Jim Crow: A Historical Encyclopedia of the American Mosaic'', Greenwood, 2014, p. xviii</ref> Democratic-controlled Southern states enacted literacy tests, poll taxes, elaborate registration systems, and eventually whites-only Democratic Party primaries to exclude black voters. The laws proved very effective. In Mississippi, fewer than 9,000 of the 147,000 voting-age African Americans were registered after 1890. In Louisiana, where more than 130,000 black voters had been registered in 1896, the number had plummeted to 1,342 by 1904. Poll taxes required citizens to pay a fee to register to vote. These fees kept many poor African Americans, as well as poor whites, from voting.<ref>https://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/1-segregated/white-only-1.html</ref> | | Nonwhites were excluded from the Democratic Party in 1890.<ref>Brown and Stentiford, ''Jim Crow: A Historical Encyclopedia of the American Mosaic'', Greenwood, 2014, p. xviii</ref> Democratic-controlled Southern states enacted literacy tests, poll taxes, elaborate registration systems, and eventually whites-only Democratic Party primaries to exclude black voters. The laws proved very effective. In Mississippi, fewer than 9,000 of the 147,000 voting-age African Americans were registered after 1890. In Louisiana, where more than 130,000 black voters had been registered in 1896, the number had plummeted to 1,342 by 1904. Poll taxes required citizens to pay a fee to register to vote. These fees kept many poor African Americans, as well as poor whites, from voting.<ref>https://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/1-segregated/white-only-1.html</ref> |