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→Polish-Ukrainian war 1918-1019
During [[World War I]] (1914−1918), the [[Central Powers]], especially [[Germany]], stubbornly supported Ukrainian national identity, [[nationalism]], and national goals – all of them directed against Russian interests. On February 9, 1918 the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] was signed between the Central Powers (Germany, [[Austria-Hungary]], [[Bulgaria]], and the [[Ottoman Empire]]) and the Ukrainian People’s Republic (the UPR).<ref>''Brotfrieden'' in German (“Bread Peace”)</ref> The peace treaty ended the war in East Galicia and recognized the sovereignty of the UPR. One of the most important points of this peace treaty was that the victorious Central Powers promised Ukraine some territories which included the Kholm region populated by the [[Polish]]-speaking majority. It was also a secret initiative to transform both provinces of [[Bukovina]] and East Galicia into a crownland of Austria-Hungary (Austrian part), but the plan soon became problematic issue due to Polish opposition, insisting that the whole of [[Galicia]] in which Poles would have dominance. The Poles perceived the pro-Ukrainian policy of the Central Powers during WWI, and especially in 1918, not only as anti-Russian but even more anti-Polish. Therefore, due to the policy of [[Berlin]] regarding the Ukrainian Question in 1918, the inter-ethnic conflict between Poles and Ukrainians became unavoidable.
During [[World War I]] (1914−1918), the [[Central Powers]], especially [[Germany]], stubbornly supported Ukrainian national identity, [[nationalism]], and national goals – all of them directed against Russian interests. On February 9, 1918 the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] was signed between the Central Powers (Germany, [[Austria-Hungary]], [[Bulgaria]], and the [[Ottoman Empire]]) and the Ukrainian People’s Republic (the UPR).<ref>''Brotfrieden'' in German (“Bread Peace”)</ref> The peace treaty ended the war in East Galicia and recognized the sovereignty of the UPR. One of the most important points of this peace treaty was that the victorious Central Powers promised Ukraine some territories which included the Kholm region populated by the [[Polish]]-speaking majority. It was also a secret initiative to transform both provinces of [[Bukovina]] and East Galicia into a crownland of Austria-Hungary (Austrian part), but the plan soon became problematic issue due to Polish opposition, insisting that the whole of [[Galicia]] in which Poles would have dominance. The Poles perceived the pro-Ukrainian policy of the Central Powers during WWI, and especially in 1918, not only as anti-Russian but even more anti-Polish. Therefore, due to the policy of [[Berlin]] regarding the Ukrainian Question in 1918, the inter-ethnic conflict between Poles and Ukrainians became unavoidable.
Ukrainian national organizations had been struggling to defend their own [[ethnic]]-regional [[autonomy]] and to strengthen Ukrainian [[Identity politics|national identity]] among the local [[Slav]]ic people. However, the reality was not so favorable for Ukrainian [[nationalism|national]] [[propaganda]]. The ''intelligentsia'' which was accepting the Ukrainian ethnolinguistic identity, so it had been quickly progressing with them. On other hand, an overwhelming number of the [[peasant]]ry (majority of the population of [[East Galicia]]) was not receptive to Ukrainian national identity’s propaganda.
Another factor was that both ethnic Poles and [[Jew]]s had clear domination over the areas of [[education]], [[culture]], regional [[economy]], and [[bureaucracy|civil administration]]. The Poles regarded the city of Lwów/Lvov/Lemberg/L’viv (which was the crucially important settlement in East Galicia) as one of the most important cities of Polish culture and nation following Cracow, Warsaw, and Wilno/Vilnius.
===1941 pogrom===
===1941 pogrom===