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→Asian Development Bank: The middle-income countries transition to high-income counties around the globe: Characteristics of graduation and slowdown
The abstract for the Asian Development Bank 2015 paper entitled ''The Middle-Income Transition around the Globe: Characteristics of Graduation and Slowdown'' indicates:
The abstract for the Asian Development Bank 2015 paper entitled ''The Middle-Income Transition around the Globe: Characteristics of Graduation and Slowdown'' indicates:
{{Cquote|The paper investigates the situation of middle-income economies around the world. Since 1965, only 18 economies with a population of more than 3 million and not dependent on oil exports have made the transition to being high income. Many more have not been able to move beyond the middle-income stage. We conduct statistical tests of differences between two groups of economies across a range of growth and development variables. The results suggest that middle-income economies are particularly weak in the following areas: governance, infrastructure, savings and investment, inequality, and quality—but not quantity—of education. The findings are used to suggest whether the People’s Republic of China is successfully progressing through the middle-income stage or whether it may get caught in a middle-income trap.<ref>[https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/159840/adbi-wp519.pdf ''The Middle-Income Transition around the Globe: Characteristics of Graduation and Slowdown''] by Paul Vandenberg, Lilibeth Poot, and Jeffrey Miyamoto. Asian Development Bank. ADBI Working Paper Series. No. 519. March 2015</ref>}}
{{Cquote|The paper investigates the situation of middle-income economies around the world. Since 1965, only 18 economies with a population of more than 3 million and not dependent on oil exports have made the transition to being high income. Many more have not been able to move beyond the middle-income stage. We conduct statistical tests of differences between two groups of economies across a range of growth and development variables. The results suggest that middle-income economies are particularly weak in the following areas: governance, infrastructure, savings and investment, inequality, and quality—but not quantity—of education. The findings are used to suggest whether the People’s Republic of China is successfully progressing through the middle-income stage or whether it may get caught in a middle-income trap.<ref>[https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/159840/adbi-wp519.pdf ''The Middle-Income Transition around the Globe: Characteristics of Graduation and Slowdown''] by Paul Vandenberg, Lilibeth Poot, and Jeffrey Miyamoto. Asian Development Bank. ADBI Working Paper Series. No. 519. March 2015</ref>}}
== Innovation and countries going from middle-income countries to high-income countries ==
''See also:'' [[Middle-income countries]]
According to Investopedia, [[middle-income countries]] are defined as: "According to the [[World Bank]], middle-income countries (MICs) are defined as economies with a gross national income (GNI) per capita between $1,136 and $13,845 as of 2024. MICs consist of lower-middle-income countries and upper-middle-income countries, both of which are part of the income categories that the World Bank uses to classify economies for operational and analytical purposes."<ref>[https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/middle-income-countries.asp Middle-Income Countries (MICs): Characteristics and Significance], Investopedia</ref>
Below are articles on innovation and countries going from middle-income countries to high-income countries:
*[https://www.thedailystar.net/business/economy/news/innovation-key-avoiding-middle-income-trap-3423011 Innovation key to avoiding middle-income trap], Daily Star, 2024
*[https://www.adb.org/publications/escaping-middle-income-trap-innovate-or-perish Escaping the Middle-Income Trap: Innovate or Perish], Asian Development Bank, 2017
*[https://ferdi.fr/dl/df-zJ6LRuZ3qAWaGb6ZK17TdGbK/ferdi-p142-caught-in-the-middle-the-economics-of-middle-income-traps.pdf Caught in the Middle? The Economics of Middle-Income Traps], 2015
*[https://www.byarcadia.org/post/falling-into-the-middle-income-trap-stagnant-innovation-and-growth-in-latin-america The Middle-Income Trap: Stagnant Innovation and Growth in Latin America]
== References ==
== References ==