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Line 184:
Line 184: + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − − During [[World War II]], British troops used Egypt as a base for Allied operations throughout the region.
→European Influence
In 1882, British expeditionary forces crushed a revolt against the Ottoman rulers, marking the beginning of British occupation and the virtual inclusion of Egypt within the [[British Empire]]. In deference to growing nationalism, the U.K. unilaterally declared Egyptian independence in 1922. British influence, however, continued to dominate Egypt's political life and fostered fiscal, administrative, and governmental reforms.
In 1882, British expeditionary forces crushed a revolt against the Ottoman rulers, marking the beginning of British occupation and the virtual inclusion of Egypt within the [[British Empire]]. In deference to growing nationalism, the U.K. unilaterally declared Egyptian independence in 1922. British influence, however, continued to dominate Egypt's political life and fostered fiscal, administrative, and governmental reforms.
During [[World War II]], British troops used Egypt as a base for Allied operations throughout the region.
Egyptians had mixed feelings, while the Muslim Brotherhood and the Free Officers were pro Axis.
<small>
(The ''Free Officers'' [Arabic: حركة الضباط الأحرار - a group of revolutionary Egyptian nationalist officers], in El Alamein, they took aerial photographs of British positions and sent this intelligence along with a letter offering allegiance to the Axis in a British warplane headed to Rommel .
However, the plan was stifled when the Germans failed to recognize the sign of friendship and shot down the British warplane, a Gloster Gladiator, killing the pilot.
Yet, the Free Officers continued to try to contact the Germans, and found a pair of German spies who gave Sadat a broken German radio transmitter. But Sadat, the German spies, and other Free Officers were caught by the British and imprisoned for treason.
Sadat would later write that there were strong pro-German sentiments among the population: "The general feeling in Egypt was against the British and, naturally, in favor of their enemies, he recalled, adding: "They demonstrated in the streets , chanting slogans like 'Advance Rommel!' as they saw in a British defeat the only way of
British reports give a more nuanced assessment of the local mood, suggesting that political attitudes were not static but continuously changing during the war years. <ref>Motadel, D. (2014). Islam and Nazi Germany’s War. United Kingdom: Harvard University Press, [https://books.google.com/books?id=zUiYBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA110 p. 110].
<blockquote><small>
Closer to the North African front line, in Egypt, the attitude of the population was similarly mixed. Anwar al-Sadat, then a young officer in wartime Cairo, later claimed that there were strong pro-German sentiments among the population: "The general feeling in Egypt was against the British and, naturally, in favor of their enemies, he recalled, adding: "They demonstrated in the streets , chanting slogans like 'Advance Rommel!' as they saw in a British defeat the only way of getting their enemy out of the country." Al-Sadat was part of the revolutionary “Free Officers” group, which—in the name of the people—sought armed revolt during the war and even collaborated with German agents, an entanglement that, in the summer of 1942, eventually led to his arrest. British reports give a more nuanced assessment of the local mood, suggesting that political attitudes were not static but continuously changing during the war years.
Miles Lampson cabled from Cairo that Rommel's first offensive in Cyrenaica in spring 1941 had "thoroughly frightened the Egyptian public." Even German propagandists were aware of the lack of pro-German sympathies in the country at that time.</small></blockquote></ref>).</small>
In the pre-1952 revolution period, three political forces competed with one another: the Wafd, a broadly based nationalist political organization strongly opposed to British influence; [[King Fuad]], whom the British had installed during [[World War II]]; and the British themselves, who were determined to maintain control over the Canal. Other political forces emerging in this period included the communist party (1925) and the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] (1928), which eventually became a potent political and religious force.
In the pre-1952 revolution period, three political forces competed with one another: the Wafd, a broadly based nationalist political organization strongly opposed to British influence; [[King Fuad]], whom the British had installed during [[World War II]]; and the British themselves, who were determined to maintain control over the Canal. Other political forces emerging in this period included the communist party (1925) and the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] (1928), which eventually became a potent political and religious force.
====After 1947====
====After 1947====