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The Arab League headquarters is in Cairo, and the Secretary General of the League is traditionally an Egyptian. Former Egyptian Foreign Minister Amre Moussa is the present Secretary General of the Arab League. Ex-President Mubarak has often chaired the African Union (formerly the Organization of African Unity). Former Egyptian Deputy Prime Minister Boutros Boutros-Ghali served as Secretary General of the United Nations from 1991 to 1996.
The Arab League headquarters is in Cairo, and the Secretary General of the League is traditionally an Egyptian. Former Egyptian Foreign Minister Amre Moussa is the present Secretary General of the Arab League. Ex-President Mubarak has often chaired the African Union (formerly the Organization of African Unity). Former Egyptian Deputy Prime Minister Boutros Boutros-Ghali served as Secretary General of the United Nations from 1991 to 1996.
Egypt is a key partner in the search for peace in the Middle East and resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Sadat's groundbreaking trip to Israel in 1977, the 1978 Camp David Accords, and the 1979 Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty represented a fundamental shift in the politics of the region—from a strategy of confrontation to one of peace as a strategic choice. Egypt was subsequently ostracized by other Arab states and ejected from the Arab League from 1979 to 1989. Egypt played an important role in the negotiations leading to the Madrid Peace Conference in 1991, which, under U.S. and Russian sponsorship, brought together all parties in the region to discuss Middle East peace. This support has continued to the present, with Ex-President Mubarak often intervening personally to promote peace negotiations. In 1996, he hosted the Sharm El-Sheikh "Summit of the Peacemakers" attended by President Clinton and other world leaders. In 2000, he hosted two summits at Sharm El-Sheikh and one at Taba in an effort to resume the Camp David negotiations suspended in July 2000, and in June 2003, Mubarak hosted President Bush for another summit on the Middle East peace process. Throughout mid-2004, Egypt worked closely with Israel and the Palestinian Authority to facilitate stability following Israel's withdrawal from Gaza, which occurred in August and September 2005. Prior to this Egypt and Israel reached an agreement that allowed Egypt to deploy additional forces along the Philadelphi Corridor in an attempt to control the border and prevent the smuggling of weapons.
Egypt is a key partner in the search for peace in the Middle East and resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. [[Sadat]]'s groundbreaking trip to Israel in 1977, the 1978 Camp David Accords, and the 1979 Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty represented a fundamental shift in the politics of the region—from a strategy of confrontation to one of peace as a strategic choice. Egypt was subsequently ostracized by other Arab states and ejected from the Arab League from 1979 to 1989. Egypt played an important role in the negotiations leading to the Madrid Peace Conference in 1991, which, under U.S. and Russian sponsorship, brought together all parties in the region to discuss Middle East peace. This support has continued to the present, with Ex-President Mubarak often intervening personally to promote peace negotiations. In 1996, he hosted the Sharm El-Sheikh "Summit of the Peacemakers" attended by President Clinton and other world leaders. In 2000, he hosted two summits at Sharm El-Sheikh and one at Taba in an effort to resume the Camp David negotiations suspended in July 2000, and in June 2003, Mubarak hosted President Bush for another summit on the Middle East peace process. Throughout mid-2004, Egypt worked closely with Israel and the Palestinian Authority to facilitate stability following Israel's withdrawal from Gaza, which occurred in August and September 2005. Prior to this Egypt and Israel reached an agreement that allowed Egypt to deploy additional forces along the Philadelphi Corridor in an attempt to control the border and prevent the smuggling of weapons.
Egypt played a key role during the 1990-91 Gulf crisis. Ex-President Mubarak helped assemble the international coalition and deployed 35,000 Egyptian troops against Iraq to liberate Kuwait. The Egyptian contingent was the third-largest in the coalition forces, after the U.S. and U.K. In the aftermath of the Gulf war, Egypt signed the Damascus declaration with Syria and the Gulf states to strengthen Gulf security. Egypt continues to contribute regularly to UN peacekeeping missions, most recently in East Timor, Sierra Leone, and Liberia. In August 2004, Egypt was actively engaged in seeking a solution to the crisis in the Darfur region of Sudan, including the dispatch of military monitors. Following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States, Egypt, which has itself been the target of terrorist attacks, has been a key supporter of the U.S. war against terrorists and terrorist organizations such as Osama bin Ladin and al-Qaeda, and actively supported the Iraqi Governing Council, as well as the subsequent government of Prime Minister Allawi. In July 2005, terrorists attacked the Egyptian city of Sharm El Sheikh. In the same month, Egypt's envoy to Iraq was assassinated.
Egypt played a key role during the 1990-91 Gulf crisis. Ex-President Mubarak helped assemble the international coalition and deployed 35,000 Egyptian troops against Iraq to liberate Kuwait. The Egyptian contingent was the third-largest in the coalition forces, after the U.S. and U.K. In the aftermath of the Gulf war, Egypt signed the Damascus declaration with Syria and the Gulf states to strengthen Gulf security. Egypt continues to contribute regularly to UN peacekeeping missions, most recently in East Timor, Sierra Leone, and Liberia. In August 2004, Egypt was actively engaged in seeking a solution to the crisis in the Darfur region of Sudan, including the dispatch of military monitors. Following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States, Egypt, which has itself been the target of terrorist attacks, has been a key supporter of the U.S. war against terrorists and terrorist organizations such as Osama bin Ladin and al-Qaeda, and actively supported the Iraqi Governing Council, as well as the subsequent government of Prime Minister Allawi. In July 2005, terrorists attacked the Egyptian city of Sharm El Sheikh. In the same month, Egypt's envoy to Iraq was assassinated.
Nasser helped establish the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] of developing countries in September 1961, and continued to be a leading force in the movement until his death in 1970. When the United States held up military sales in reaction to Egyptian neutrality vis-à-vis [[Soviet Union|Moscow]], Nasser concluded an arms deal with [[Czechoslovakia]] in September 1955.
Nasser helped establish the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] of developing countries in September 1961, and continued to be a leading force in the movement until his death in 1970. When the United States held up military sales in reaction to Egyptian neutrality vis-à-vis [[Soviet Union|Moscow]], Nasser concluded an arms deal with [[Czechoslovakia]] in September 1955.
Egypt under Nasser became a hub for Ex [[Nazis]], (and Syria, second to Egypt - as haven for Nazi war criminals.<ref>[https://www.harif.org/event/germans-and-nazis-in-the-middle-east/ Germans and Nazis in the Middle East - Harif]</ref>), Hundreds of Nazis found a home there.
Egypt under Nasser became a hub for Ex [[Nazis]],<ref name=sablier1953>[https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1953/09/01/vi-la-revanche-de-l-afrika-korps_1987337_1819218.html VI. - La revanche de l'Afrika Korps].
Par Edouard Sablier.
Publié le 01 septembre 1953.
<blockquote><small>
Cairo, ... August. - On October 23, 1942, 70 kilometers from Alexandria, the Battle of El-Alamein began, which would seal the fate of the Afrika Korps (1).
Rommel's advance in the Western Desert had been so lightning-fast that his officers had thought they could have their mail sent to Alexandria. It was ten years too soon: today, Rommel's officers in Afrika Korps uniform are installed at the Cairo G.Q.G.
The Germans in Egypt are sought after by journalists around the world like curious beasts. This comes from the strict taboo surrounding the slightest piece of information concerning them.
I wanted to get to the bottom of it. Taking advantage of a tête-à-tête with General Neguib, I asked him: "The Germans are excellent technicians. No one disputes their right to work in Egypt or yours to employ them there. Why does Egypt seem afraid to reveal their existence in its various services?"
The general's response was instantaneous. Staring at me furiously, he exclaimed in an angry tone: "Egypt is not afraid of anyone. And I am not in the habit of lying. If I said that there were few German technicians in our service, it is because there are few. Too bad for those who try to exaggerate this issue!"
The day before this memorable interview, in front of the entire foreign colony in Cairo and the entire Revolutionary Council, the president of the German community in Egypt had lyrically stated, into the microphone and in French: "Our officers train the Egyptian army!"</small></blockquote>
<small>
נקמתו של "אפריקה קורפס". על המשמר, 25 ספטמבר 1953.
'The Revenge of the Afrika Korps'
"Le Monde", Paris. by Eduard Sablier.
[https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/ahr/1953/09/25/01/article/39 Al HaAmishnar, September 25, 1953].
[...]</small>
<blockquote><small>
One day before that meeting with Naguib, the president of the German community in Egypt made a lyrical statement
In this language: "Our officers are training the Egyptian army"! He said this in the ears of the entire foreign colony in Cairo and in the presence of the plenary of the "Revolutionary (Command) Council", and his words were broadcast on the radio.
That is why we allowed ourselves to question and demand the Egyptian Chief of Staff on this point. By the way, the Chief of Staff himself stated at a press conference that German experts were chosen "according to the fact that they are the only ones Egypt can trust."
Not many, but effective.
Naguib seems to be right: the number of military technicians actually employed by the armed forces is not large. About forty in all, officers and sergeants. But they encompass all the professions of modern warfare: who was an Adjutant of [Heinz] Guderian serves as a consultant to the Armored Brigade; another specialist for the commando company; two parachute technicians; Six naval combat experts, and more.
On top of that, 15 tech pilots and aeronautics experts succeeded the British team at the de-Havilland aircraft assembly plant. Six German technicians run the army's "Research and Development Center". Specialists in plastic materials and ammunition work in the weapons factories in Helwan.
And three former leaders of the Hitlerjugend came not long ago to guide the youth organizations. All these experts who were recruited in Germany or in Egypt themselves, receive a rather modest salary of around one hundred pounds per month. Approximately, as well as living in Heliopolis. Most of them severed ties with the embassy of the Bonn government, which turned their attention to the damage they could cause to West German relations with the Anglo-Saxon powers. Nevertheless, it seems that for many days excellent relations have prevailed between these German experts and the American authorities...
As a matter of fact, none of them serve in an executive capacity, they are used only in the capacity of advisors...
"Mein Kampf - Und Meine Liebe"
In any case, the German influence on the existing regime in Egypt is not in doubt. Recently, for example, Naguib's Minister of Health, Nur-ad-Din.. stated in a conversation with a journalist that the "love of his life" was... Hitler, "He was an ideal leader, who sacrificed his life for the fulfillment of his noble aspirations.. He didn't live for himself, but for Germany and the German people... I always longed to be in his presence"...
In all their press parties, Nagiv and his cheerleaders forget to mention the help that Egypt extended to the war effort of the Allies during the last battles. However, let us read what he wrote in "Al-Ahram" (on July 21) the commander of the Air Force, Hassan Ibrahim, a member of the "Council of the Revolution:"
"In 1942, the Germans camped in El Alamein. We decided to send an officer to them to offer them our help in the form of information about the British Army... I was then the commander of the Civil defense in Cairo, and this allowed me to make my private plane available to his representatives. We decided that our communications with the Germans would be maintained through secret transmissions to be broadcast by a wireless officer, Anwar Sadat"...
Anwar Sadat is now one of the main members in the "Dozen" committee. He tried at the time to reach the German lines in a military plane. At the same time, General Aziz al-Masri, who also tried to escape to the Germans, was arrested. Today, General Aziz al-Masri is the Egyptian ambassador in Moscow.
Surely, all these Egyptians justified their behavior. Aspiring to fight against the British occupation army.
During the war, several Arab and Muslim personalities found refuge in Berlin, where they maintained close contact with the German authorities. These immigrants have already returned to their countries and are occupying key positions. Their German hosts are now reaping the fruits of friendship from the war days and playing important roles in the Middle East.
None of this "re-occupation" will be understood sufficiently if we do not trace its origins.
The seed that Dr. Grobba sowed l.
In 1939, Germany's key figure in the Middle East was Dr. Groba, envoy to Baghdad, Riyadh, Bachbol and Bashar Bimat. A Prussian of the old school, quite lukewarm in his attitude towards the Hitlerite regime.., well versed in all the languages and dialects of the countries of the region where he was sent to serve as an envoy. At the outbreak of the war, Dr. Groba returned to his country.
In Bagdad, he left behind the Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin Al-Husseini, who worked to establish a strong anti-British organization in Iraq. In 1941, the coup of Rashid Ali al-Gilani took place, which dealt a decisive blow to the British military force and dealt a serious blow to the cause of the allies. Grobba returns to Baghdad - via Vichy's Syria. For a month he prevailed over the propaganda of the "Axis" powers in the capital of Iraq. From there he moves to Iran - and during the invasion of that country by the British forces, Grobba fled, along with a large number of Germans, Italians, Gilani and Mufti people - to Turkey. From there they all return to Germany.
A powerful propaganda center is being organized in Berlin. Dr. Fritz Grobba, since he returned to his post at Wilhelmstrasse (German Foreign Ministry), initiates three "Arab offices." The first office is that of the Mufti, who is considered the head of the "Arab Liberation Movement"; the second — Rashid Ali al-Gilani, who is called "the legal leader of the State of Iraq";
The third office deals with the recruitment of refugees from the entire Arab and Muslim East. Fawzi Kaukji is honored with the title "Head of the Arab Legion" and appointed by Hitler a colonel of the Wehrmacht.
After the plot against Hitler, Dr. Fritz Grobba disappeared from the scene and was not heard of again until the end of the war. But his group, which remained after the defeat in the western part of Germany, is now operating in the Middle East again. Dr. Munzel who was the head of the department for Eastern countries in Wilhelmstrasse, is now a consultant in Baghdad, Von Hentig, who was a delegate to the Mufti and Rashid Ali, now represents the Republic of Bonn in Indonesia. Dr. Haufmann, former consul in Haifa and Tangier and who ensured the maintenance of contact with the mufti, serves as a consultant in Beirut. Dr. Groba's assistant in Baghdad and Berlin, Dr. Stefan, is currently the secretary of the West German Embassy in Egypt. Von Harden, The one who was Alfred Rosenberg's chief of staff, works in Cairo near the military council of the Arab League.
The Mufti, Rashid Ali and Co.
The former Mufti is in Cairo and defeating an active group of Nazis, among them a Frenchman who was at the time with Waffen S. S., Rashid Ali became the political advisor of King Ibn Saud. Kaukji is a general inspector of the Lebanese army.
The whole old group of the Arab broadcast at Radio Berlin returned to the "proper" track.
The most famous of its members, Younes Behari, edits the newspaper "Al-Arab" in Paris, he also serves as a "press advisor" to the King of Libya; Bahram Shahrouch was the minister of intelligence in the government of Iran, Zafar Difai is the foreign minister of Syria.
Dr. Muhammar Salman, who ran Rashid Ali's Arab office, is currently Iraq's Minister of Health. He brought forty German doctors and chemists to Baghdad.
His former assistant Ali Safi is the director general of the Iraqi post office.
And these are the rest of the gang:
In Lebanon - Afif Tibi, the editor of the "Al-Youm" newspaper and the government spokesman in Syria - Maarouf [al-] Dawalibi, who was the prime minister; In Libya - the head of the court bureau - and acting foreign minister; In Egypt - Major General Mahmoud Salman, a military adviser to the Arab League in charge of the blockade against Israel; In Iran - the princes of the Kashgai family, who were among Dr. Mossadeq's influential followers...
United as at the front.
They kept the connections between themselves. In each of the above-mentioned countries, a "club of former refugees in Germany" was founded, everywhere they encourage and cultivate trade and friendship with the country that received them during the war. This fact, as well as the undoubted benefit: that in having trade relations with Germany - They made it so that Egypt prefers dealings with German firms, just as in Yemen the Salifi mines were handed over to German concessions. Even in Iraq, contracts were signed according to which the Germans were guaranteed the exploitation of the oil sources, "in the event that the existing concessions expire before the deadline"...
Yes, only a few dozen German experts from Rommel's camp work in the Cairo offices, but if we add to the calculation all the above facts we can say: Indeed, "Afrika Korps" is taking its revenge... </small></blockquote></ref><ref>Soustelle, J. (1969). The long march of Israel. New York: American Heritage Press,
[https://books.google.com/books?id=ACe7AAAAIAAJ&q=Fedayeen p. 246].<blockquote><small>
Concerning former Nazis in the employ of the Egyptian government, a study by Dr. Leon Boutbein (see Today in France, vol. 7, no. 7, New York, September, 1967) sets the number at several hundred. He mentions the following especially:
SS Standartenführer Leopold Gleim, alias Lt. Col. Ali Al Nasher (Office of police and concentration camps) ; SS Obersturmbannführer Bender, alias Col. Ben Salem, Gleim's aide; SS Gruppenführer Heinrich Selliman, alias Col. Hamid Soleiman (police); SS Sturmführer ... Brigadeführer von Dirlewanger ("adviser" to the fedayeen); Dr Willermann , former doctor at Dachau and perpetrator of 'experiments' on inmates, is now a doctor at the concentration camp at Samarra; Louis Heiden, Hans Appler, and many more of Goebbels' former functionaries , all in charge of anti - Jewish propaganda; Hans Eisele, former Hauptsturmführer at Buchenwald; et cetera. To this list should be added the German technicians employed by Nasser in the manufacture of rockets and missiles. Cf. S. Landman. German Scientists in Egypt. London , Political and Economic Circle , 1964.</small></blockquote></ref> (and Syria, second to Egypt - as haven for Nazi war criminals.<ref>[https://www.harif.org/event/germans-and-nazis-in-the-middle-east/ Germans and Nazis in the Middle East - Harif]</ref>), Hundreds of Nazis found a home there.
The [[Grand Mufti]] also facilitated <ref>[https://www.jta.org/archive/ex-mufti-brought-van-leers-to-egypt-german-authorities-believe Ex-mufti Brought Van Leers to Egypt, German Authorities Believe], ''JTA'', Aug 30, 1956</ref><ref>Elie Conaim and Maya Karlin, [https://www.israelhayom.com/2022/02/14/mufti-of-jerusalem-holocaust-museum-exhibits/ Has mufti of Jerusalem earned his place in Holocaust museum exhibits], ''Israel Hayom'', 2022.</ref><ref>Lyn Julius, [https://www.jpost.com/opinion/article-802262 The Nazi-Arab alliance: A neglected aspect of Holocaust education], ''JPost'', May 23, 2024</ref> [[Johann Von Leers]] to come, he continued his polemic [[Anti-Semitism]] he did for [[Goebbels]]. Indeed, he became Nasser's aide. Converted to [[Islam]].<ref name=spectator202>Justin Marozzi, [https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/the-nazi-influence-in-egypt/ The Nazi influence in Egypt], ''The Spectator'', Aug 6, 2022.<blockquote><small>
The [[Grand Mufti]] also facilitated <ref>[https://www.jta.org/archive/ex-mufti-brought-van-leers-to-egypt-german-authorities-believe Ex-mufti Brought Van Leers to Egypt, German Authorities Believe], ''JTA'', Aug 30, 1956</ref><ref>Elie Conaim and Maya Karlin, [https://www.israelhayom.com/2022/02/14/mufti-of-jerusalem-holocaust-museum-exhibits/ Has mufti of Jerusalem earned his place in Holocaust museum exhibits], ''Israel Hayom'', 2022.</ref><ref>Lyn Julius, [https://www.jpost.com/opinion/article-802262 The Nazi-Arab alliance: A neglected aspect of Holocaust education], ''JPost'', May 23, 2024</ref> [[Johann Von Leers]] to come, he continued his polemic [[Anti-Semitism]] he did for [[Goebbels]]. Indeed, he became Nasser's aide. Converted to [[Islam]].<ref name=spectator202>Justin Marozzi, [https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/the-nazi-influence-in-egypt/ The Nazi influence in Egypt], ''The Spectator'', Aug 6, 2022.<blockquote><small>
Johann von Leers, a key Nazi propagandist and ideologue, honorary Sturmbannführer in the Waffen-SS and a baby-faced anti-hero of Nazis on the Nile. An acolyte of Joseph Goebbels, this was a man who dashed off 27 hate-filled books, including Jewry and Knavery, Blood and Race and Jews are Looking at You, between 1933 and the end of the war.
Johann von Leers, a key Nazi propagandist and ideologue, honorary Sturmbannführer in the Waffen-SS and a baby-faced anti-hero of Nazis on the Nile. An acolyte of Joseph Goebbels, this was a man who dashed off 27 hate-filled books, including Jewry and Knavery, Blood and Race and Jews are Looking at You, between 1933 and the end of the war.