Changes

[[Roman Catholic]]: the Catholic Church believes in [[transubstantiation]], the doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and wine is transformed into the whole substance of Jesus Christ—His body, blood, soul, and divinity. This church believes that the service is more than a memorial, and also that the [[Eucharist]] (and thus the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]]) is a re-presentation of Christ's eternal once for all sacrifice in the Upper Room and on the Cross made present as the supreme sacrifice-offering-up of worship and thanksgiving (Greek "''eu-charistia''") in union with him to God the Father. Those perspectives are not, however, part of the doctrine of the Real Presence.

[[Roman Catholic]]: the Catholic Church believes in [[transubstantiation]], the doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and wine is transformed into the whole substance of Jesus Christ—His body, blood, soul, and divinity. This church believes that the service is more than a memorial, and also that the [[Eucharist]] (and thus the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]]) is a re-presentation of Christ's eternal once for all sacrifice in the Upper Room and on the Cross made present as the supreme sacrifice-offering-up of worship and thanksgiving (Greek "''eu-charistia''") in union with him to God the Father. Those perspectives are not, however, part of the doctrine of the Real Presence.

[[Anglican]]: The Anglican churches officially believe in the Real Presence received only in a non-carnal way and explicitly reject the doctrine of transubstantiation. Those Anglicans of "Anglo-Catholic" churchmanship affirm the corporeal presence of Christ in the Eucharist.<ref name="Lears1981">{{cite book|last=Lears|first=T. J. Jackson|title=Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920|year=1981|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226469706|page=202|quote=Many folk tale enthusiasts remained vicarious participants in a vague supernaturalism; Anglo-Catholics wanted not Wonderland but heaven, and they sought it through their sacraments, especially the Eucharist. Though they stopped short of transubstantiation, Anglo-Catholics insisted that the consecrated bread and wine contained the "Real Objective Presence" of God.}}</ref>

[[Lutheran]]: Luther and Lutherans today believe in the Real Presence of Christ's body and blood in the Eucharist, with their doctrine of this belief being termed a "sacramental union". However, rather than holding that the whole substance of the bread and wine is transformed (i.e. transubstantiation), they consider the body and blood to exist alongside the bread and wine--"In, with, and under the forms of bread and wine." (This is often erroneously known as "consubstantiation", which is a Lollardist doctrine that is also held by the New Apostolic Church).  

[[Lutheran]]: Luther and Lutherans today believe in the Real Presence of Christ's body and blood in the Eucharist, with their doctrine of this belief being termed a "sacramental union". However, rather than holding that the whole substance of the bread and wine is transformed (i.e. transubstantiation), they consider the body and blood to exist alongside the bread and wine--"In, with, and under the forms of bread and wine." (This is often miscalled "consubstantiation", which is a Lollardist doctrine).

[[Moravian]]: The Moravian Church teaches that doctrine of the "sacramental presence of Christ in the Eucharist".<ref name="Atwood2010">{{cite book|last=Atwood|first=Craig D.|title=Community of the Cross: Moravian Piety in Colonial Bethlehem|date=1 November 2010|publisher=Penn State Press|language=English|isbn=9780271047508|page=165|quote=In the eighteenth century, the Moravians consistently promoted the Lutheran doctrine of the real presence, which they described as a "sacramental presence."}}</ref> According to this teaching, "Christ gives his body and blood according to his promise to all who partake of the elements. When we eat and drink the bread and the wine of the Supper with expectant faith, we thereby have communion with the body and blood of our Lord and receive the forgiveness of sins, life, and salvation. In this sense, the bread and wine are rightly said to be Christ's body and blood which he gives to his disciples."<ref name="VelikoGros2005">{{cite book|last1=Veliko|first1=Lydia|last2=Gros|first2=Jeffrey|title=Growing Consensus II: Church Dialogues in the United States, 1992–2004|year=2005|publisher=Bishop's Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|language=English|isbn=978-1574555578|page=90}}</ref>

[[Methodist]]: The [[United Methodist Church]] and most of the smaller Methodist bodies believe in the Real Presence but reject transubstantiation and consubstantiation. The UMC refers to Christ's presence in the Eucharist as a "Holy Mystery," and prefers not to explain the details of Christ's presence.<ref name="Neal2014">{{cite book|last=Neal|first=Gregory S.|title=Sacramental Theology and the Christian Life|date=19 December 2014|publisher=WestBow Press|isbn=9781490860077|page=111|quote=For Anglicans and Methodists the reality of the presence of Jesus as received through the sacramental elements is not in question. Real presence is simply accepted as being true, its mysterious nature being affirmed and even lauded in official statements like ''This Holy Mystery: A United Methodist Understanding of Holy Communion.}}</ref>

Reformed: The [[Reformed]] tradition (which includes the Continental Reformed, [[Presbyterian]] churches, Anglican, and Reformed Baptist denominations) generally believe in a "pneumatic" or spiritual presence of Jesus in the Eucharist; there is still a Real Presence of Jesus which the people experience during the celebration of the Lord's Supper.

[[Moravian]]: The Moravian Church teaches that doctrine of the "sacramental presence of Christ in the Eucharist".<ref name="Atwood2010">{{cite book|last=Atwood|first=Craig D.|title=Community of the Cross: Moravian Piety in Colonial Bethlehem|date=1 November 2010|publisher=Penn State Press|language=English|isbn=9780271047508|page=165|quote=In the eighteenth century, the Moravians consistently promoted the Lutheran doctrine of the real presence, which they described as a "sacramental presence."}}</ref> According to this teaching, "Christ gives his body and blood according to his promise to all who partake of the elements. When we eat and drink the bread and the wine of the Supper with expectant faith, we thereby have communion with the body and blood of our Lord and receive the forgiveness of sins, life, and salvation. In this sense, the bread and wine are rightly said to be Christ's body and blood which he gives to his disciples."<ref name="VelikoGros2005">{{cite book|last1=Veliko|first1=Lydia|last2=Gros|first2=Jeffrey|title=Growing Consensus II: Church Dialogues in the United States, 1992–2004|year=2005|publisher=Bishop's Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|language=English|isbn=978-1574555578|page=90}}</ref>

[[Anglican]]: The Anglican churches officially believe in the Real Presence received only in a non-carnal way and explicitly reject the doctrine of transubstantiation. Those Anglicans of "Anglo-Catholic" churchmanship affirm the corporeal presence of Christ in the Eucharist.<ref name="Lears1981">{{cite book|last=Lears|first=T. J. Jackson|title=Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920|year=1981|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226469706|page=202|quote=Many folk tale enthusiasts remained vicarious participants in a vague supernaturalism; Anglo-Catholics wanted not Wonderland but heaven, and they sought it through their sacraments, especially the Eucharist. Though they stopped short of transubstantiation, Anglo-Catholics insisted that the consecrated bread and wine contained the "Real Objective Presence" of God.}}</ref>

Reformed: The [[Reformed]] tradition (which includes the Continental Reformed, [[Presbyterian]] churches, Anglican, and Reformed Baptist denominations) generally believe in a "pneumatic" or spiritual presence of Jesus in the Eucharist; there is still a Real Presence of Jesus which the people experience during the celebration of the Lord's Supper.

[[Methodist]]: The [[United Methodist Church]], [[Free Methodist Church]] and other Methodist bodies believe in the Real Presence but reject transubstantiation and consubstantiation. The UMC refers to Christ's presence in the Eucharist as a "Holy Mystery," and prefers not to explain the details of Christ's presence.<ref name="Neal2014">{{cite book|last=Neal|first=Gregory S.|title=Sacramental Theology and the Christian Life|date=19 December 2014|publisher=WestBow Press|isbn=9781490860077|page=111|quote=For Anglicans and Methodists the reality of the presence of Jesus as received through the sacramental elements is not in question. Real presence is simply accepted as being true, its mysterious nature being affirmed and even lauded in official statements like ''This Holy Mystery: A United Methodist Understanding of Holy Communion.}}</ref>

=== Memorialism ===

=== Memorialism ===

[[Anabaptist]], [[Restorationist]] and Nondenominational Christianity: The Lord's Supper is simply a symbol and a memorial of the Last Supper by which worshipers remember Christ's body and blood given up on the Cross. It is not a re-presentation of the sacrifice of the Cross—which is believed to have been accomplished once—nor is it a literal sharing in Christ's physical body or blood, soul and divinity "''partakers of the divine nature''" 2 Peter 1:4 KJV.

[[Anabaptist]], [[Restorationist]], Plymouth Brethren and Nondenominational Christianity: The Lord's Supper is simply a symbol and a memorial of the Last Supper by which worshipers remember Christ's body and blood given up on the Cross. It is not a re-presentation of the sacrifice of the Cross—which is believed to have been accomplished once—nor is it a literal sharing in Christ's physical body or blood, soul and divinity "''partakers of the divine nature''" 2 Peter 1:4 KJV.

==Real Presence gradations of understanding within the Catholic, Lutheran and Orthodox traditions==

==Real Presence gradations of understanding within the Catholic, Lutheran and Orthodox traditions==