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→History and Culture
==History and Culture==
==History and Culture==
First settled by the Celts around 500 B.C., Vienna was an important settlement in the Roman Empire, which called it Vindobona. In 1529 the troops of the [[Ottoman Empire]] surrounded Vienna. The Habsburgs held their ground and the Ottomans retreated, to return again in 1683. This time, Vienna was successfully defended by Polish King [[John III Sobieski|Jan Sobieski III]]. By the 17th century - when the court was moved from [[Prague]] to Vienna - it was the seat of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], ruled by the Habsburg dynasty, which continued to reign into the early years of the 20th century. In the "Anschluss" of 1938, Vienna capitulated under control of the [[Third Reich]]. After [[WWII]], the city was governed by the [[Allied Commission for Austria]] for ten years. (Like Germany, Austria became divided into an American, British, French and Russian zone, and this division was mimicked by the administration of Vienna.) Since 1955, Vienna has been the capital of the Republic of Austria.
First settled by the Celts around 500 B.C., Vienna was an important settlement in the Roman Empire, which called it Vindobona. In 1529 the troops of the [[Ottoman Empire]] surrounded Vienna. The Habsburgs held their ground and the Ottomans retreated, to return again in 1683. This time, Vienna was successfully defended by Polish King [[John III Sobieski|Jan Sobieski III]]. By the 17th century - when the court was moved from [[Prague]] to Vienna - it was the seat of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], ruled by the Habsburg dynasty, which continued to reign into the early years of the 20th century. In the "Anschluss" of 1938, Vienna capitulated under control of the [[Third Reich]]. After [[WWII]], the city was governed by the Allied Commission for Austria for ten years. (Like Germany, Austria became divided into an American, British, French and Russian zone, and this division was mimicked by the administration of Vienna.) Since 1955, Vienna has been the capital of the Republic of Austria.
Vienna has one of the richest cultural histories of any city in [[Europe]], with a particularly impressive musical tradition - the First Viennese School of composers consisted of [[Haydn]], [[Mozart]], [[Beethoven]] and [[Schubert]], whilst later the [[waltz]]es and operettas of [[Johann Strauss]] Jr. came to epitomize the city's imperial grandeur and elegance. Johannes [[Brahms]] also made his home in Vienna, whose streets he claimed to know inside-and-out from his long walks around the city. Anton Bruckner, the composer of nine symphonies, taught harmony at the Vienna Academy for Music and Dramatic Arts; his admirer [[Gustav Mahler]] became conductor of the Vienna State Opera in 1897 and wrote his nine symphonies evoking Vienna's peculiar juxtaposition of the urban and the pastoral.
Vienna has one of the richest cultural histories of any city in [[Europe]], with a particularly impressive musical tradition - the First Viennese School of composers consisted of [[Haydn]], [[Mozart]], [[Beethoven]] and [[Schubert]], whilst later the [[waltz]]es and operettas of [[Johann Strauss]] Jr. came to epitomize the city's imperial grandeur and elegance. Johannes [[Brahms]] also made his home in Vienna, whose streets he claimed to know inside-and-out from his long walks around the city. Anton Bruckner, the composer of nine symphonies, taught harmony at the Vienna Academy for Music and Dramatic Arts; his admirer [[Gustav Mahler]] became conductor of the Vienna State Opera in 1897 and wrote his nine symphonies evoking Vienna's peculiar juxtaposition of the urban and the pastoral.
As the empire's power waned in the first two decades of the 20th century, new developments in art centered in Vienna showed undercurrents of unease and dread. In painting, the [[Expressionist]] works of [[Egon Schiele]] and [[Gustav Klimt]] seemed to foreshadow the city's decline. In music, the Second Viennese School comprising [[Arnold Schoenberg]], [[Alban Berg]], and [[Anton Webern]] stretched tonal dissolution and thematic complexity all the way past its breaking point, and after the First World War tried to put it back together again under new rules, in much the same way that Vienna was searching for her relevance after the fall of the empire.
As the empire's power waned in the first two decades of the 20th century, new developments in art centered in Vienna showed undercurrents of unease and dread. In painting, the [[Expressionist]] works of [[Egon Schiele]] and [[Gustav Klimt]] seemed to foreshadow the city's decline. In music, the Second Viennese School comprising [[Arnold Schoenberg]], [[Alban Berg]], and [[Anton Webern]] stretched tonal dissolution and thematic complexity all the way past its breaking point, and after the First World War tried to put it back together again under new rules, in much the same way that Vienna was searching for her relevance after the fall of the empire.
=== 20th century Vienna and "exact thinking" ===
[[File:Vienna Graben.jpg|thumbnail|right|300px|Graben Street in [[Vienna]] ]]
''See also:'' [[Rational thinking]] and [[Logical reasoning]] and [[Analytic thinking]]
The article ''The Untold Story of [[Vienna]]’s Global Influence'' indicates:
{{Cquote|In the early 20th century, learning in the city took place in major educational institutions such as the University of Vienna, but also in coffeehouses and from private tutors. The result was a commitment to “exact thinking” — a term Cockett attributes to the mathematician [[Kurt Gödel]], referring to the uniquely Viennese focus on methodological rigor and applying rational, [[Scientific method|scientific thinking]] and methods to other topics and fields. Viennese thought was also defined by the pursuit of interdisciplinary knowledge and the “liberating embrace of intellectual heterodoxy and political pluralism,” Cockett writes. This attitude, he argues, is best personified by the philosopher and physicist Ernst Mach, who blended his disciplines and helped inspire a generation of scientists and writers alike...
Cockett argues that many of these accomplishments would not have been possible without the methodological precision of the Viennese combined with their penchant for bringing together different disciplines to form something new. The field of consumer behavior in the United States, for example, blended psychology and psychoanalysis with market and economic research; Edward Bernays, an important figure in establishing that field, was a Viennese émigré (and, interestingly, the nephew of Sigmund Freud).<ref>[https://archive.ph/AjOBE#selection-3015.0-3015.503 ''The Untold Story of Vienna’s Global Influence'']</ref>}}
==Geography and Layout==
==Geography and Layout==