Changes

57). By that time, European geographers could already locate Ukraine on the maps produced by the French engineer and cartographer Guillaume Levasseur de Beauplan. His, however, was not the first depiction of Ukraine on a European map".<ref>{{cite book |last=Plokhy |first=Serhii |chapter=2. Placing Ukraine on the Map of Europe |title=The Frontline: Essays on Ukraine’s Past and Present |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2021 |pages=15-36 |doi=10.4159/9780674268852-005 |url=https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/mapa/files/princescossaksarticle.pdf?m=1607093596}}</ref>

57). By that time, European geographers could already locate Ukraine on the maps produced by the French engineer and cartographer Guillaume Levasseur de Beauplan. His, however, was not the first depiction of Ukraine on a European map".<ref>{{cite book |last=Plokhy |first=Serhii |chapter=2. Placing Ukraine on the Map of Europe |title=The Frontline: Essays on Ukraine’s Past and Present |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2021 |pages=15-36 |doi=10.4159/9780674268852-005 |url=https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/mapa/files/princescossaksarticle.pdf?m=1607093596}}</ref>

In the 1187 chronicle of the death of Prince Volodymyr Hlibovych of Pereyaslav the word appears: "And all the people of Pereyaslav wept for him... Ukraine tried hard for him".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://visitukraine.today/blog/4339/how-the-name-ukraine-appeared-history-and-myths#the-first-appearance-of-the-name-ukraine|title=How the name "Ukraine" appeared: history and myths|website=Visit Ukraine}}</ref>

In the 1187 chronicle of the death of Prince Volodymyr Hlibovych of Pereyaslav the word appears: "And all the people of Pereyaslav wept for him... Ukraine tried hard for him".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://visitukraine.today/blog/4339/how-the-name-ukraine-appeared-history-and-myths#the-first-appearance-of-the-name-ukraine|title=How the name "Ukraine" appeared: history and myths|publisher=Visit Ukraine}}</ref>

The Radziwiłł map (early 17th century) is the first to explicitly label "Ukraine" (as "Outer Volhynia or Lower Dnieper") and mention "Cossacks," covering territories of modern Ukraine.

The Radziwiłł map (early 17th century) is the first to explicitly label "Ukraine" (as "Outer Volhynia or Lower Dnieper") and mention "Cossacks," covering territories of modern Ukraine.

Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan's maps, including the 1648 "General Map of Ukraine" (Delineatio Generalis Camporum Desertorum vulgo Ukraina), depict Ukraine as a distinct region, influencing European cartography for centuries. Beauplan, a French engineer in Polish service, based it on surveys of Cossack lands.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oldworldauctions.com/info/article/2022-03-Heart-of-Ukraine-in-Early-Maps|title=The Heart of Ukraine in Early Maps|website=Old World Auctions|author=Eliane}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/Ukrainae1 Old map of Ukraine : Tabula geographica Ukrainska by Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan]</ref>

Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan's maps, including the 1648 "General Map of Ukraine" (Delineatio Generalis Camporum Desertorum vulgo Ukraina), depict Ukraine as a distinct region, influencing European cartography for centuries. Beauplan, a French engineer in Polish service, based it on surveys of Cossack lands.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oldworldauctions.com/info/article/2022-03-Heart-of-Ukraine-in-Early-Maps|title=The Heart of Ukraine in Early Maps|publisher=Old World Auctions|author=Eliane}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/Ukrainae1 Old map of Ukraine : Tabula geographica Ukrainska by Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan]</ref>

[[File:Johann Baptist Homann’s Ukrania quae et Terra Cosaccorum, 1716..jpg|400px|thumbnail|Johann Baptist Homann’s ''Ukrania quae et Terra Cosaccorum'' map from 1716.]]

[[File:Johann Baptist Homann’s Ukrania quae et Terra Cosaccorum, 1716..jpg|400px|thumbnail|Johann Baptist Homann’s ''Ukrania quae et Terra Cosaccorum'' map from 1716.]]

Historians and linguists in the 19–20th centuries explained the term "Ukraina" in the sense ‘borderland, frontier region, outskirts, marches’ etc. These meanings can be derived from the Proto-Slavic noun *krajь, meaning ‘edge, border’. Contemporary parallels for this are Russian okráina ‘outskirts’<ref>[https://www.google.com/search?q=google+traqnslate&sca_esv=63bae64319b805ad&sxsrf=ADLYWIKR4S1fgB0HxLn6X0pj3qCcvqY6TA%3A1725932233846&source=hp&ei=yaLfZpTeMKac0PEPz5KE6AU&iflsig=AL9hbdgAAAAAZt-w2fuN0BpX5ehOSPnn5PVC730m5EDa&ved=0ahUKEwjU5s7NnreIAxUmDjQIHU8JAV0Q4dUDCBA&uact=5&oq=google+traqnslate&gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6IhFnb29nbGUgdHJhcW5zbGF0ZTINEAAYgAQYsQMYgwEYCjINEAAYgAQYsQMYgwEYCjIHEAAYgAQYCjINEAAYgAQYsQMYgwEYCjIHEAAYgAQYCjINEAAYgAQYsQMYgwEYCjINEAAYgAQYsQMYgwEYCjINEAAYgAQYsQMYgwEYCjINEAAYgAQYsQMYgwEYCjINEAAYgAQYsQMYgwEYCkiLalCXTVj0ZHABeACQAQCYAXKgAe0LqgEEMTQuM7gBA8gBAPgBAZgCEqAC5QyoAgvCAgYQswEYhQTCAhAQLhgDGOUCGOoCGIwDGI8BwgIQEAAYAxjlAhjqAhiMAxiPAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIMBwgIREC4YgAQYsQMY0QMYgwEYxwHCAgUQABiABMICCBAAGIAEGLEDwgIKEAAYgAQYsQMYCsICEBAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFGAqYAxSSBwQxMi42oAf-gQE&sclient=gws-wiz Google Translate] outskirts = okraina (''окраина'').</ref> and kraj ‘border district’ and Polish, u kraya, meaning ‘borderlands’.  

Historians and linguists in the 19–20th centuries explained the term "Ukraina" in the sense ‘borderland, frontier region, outskirts, marches’ etc. These meanings can be derived from the Proto-Slavic noun *krajь, meaning ‘edge, border’. Contemporary parallels for this are Russian okráina ‘outskirts’<ref>[https://www.google.com/search?q=google+traqnslate&sca_esv=63bae64319b805ad&sxsrf=ADLYWIKR4S1fgB0HxLn6X0pj3qCcvqY6TA%3A1725932233846&source=hp&ei=yaLfZpTeMKac0PEPz5KE6AU&iflsig=AL9hbdgAAAAAZt-w2fuN0BpX5ehOSPnn5PVC730m5EDa&ved=0ahUKEwjU5s7NnreIAxUmDjQIHU8JAV0Q4dUDCBA&uact=5&oq=google+traqnslate&gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6IhFnb29nbGUgdHJhcW5zbGF0ZTINEAAYgAQYsQMYgwEYCjINEAAYgAQYsQMYgwEYCjIHEAAYgAQYCjINEAAYgAQYsQMYgwEYCjIHEAAYgAQYCjINEAAYgAQYsQMYgwEYCjINEAAYgAQYsQMYgwEYCjINEAAYgAQYsQMYgwEYCjINEAAYgAQYsQMYgwEYCjINEAAYgAQYsQMYgwEYCkiLalCXTVj0ZHABeACQAQCYAXKgAe0LqgEEMTQuM7gBA8gBAPgBAZgCEqAC5QyoAgvCAgYQswEYhQTCAhAQLhgDGOUCGOoCGIwDGI8BwgIQEAAYAxjlAhjqAhiMAxiPAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIMBwgIREC4YgAQYsQMY0QMYgwEYxwHCAgUQABiABMICCBAAGIAEGLEDwgIKEAAYgAQYsQMYCsICEBAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFGAqYAxSSBwQxMi42oAf-gQE&sclient=gws-wiz Google Translate] outskirts = okraina (''окраина'').</ref> and kraj ‘border district’ and Polish, u kraya, meaning ‘borderlands’.  

The historian Norman Davies adds: "The question ‘on the edge of what?’, however, sparks controversy. One answer, since the term first appears in mediaeval times when Ukraine lay within the Jagiellonian realms of Poland-Lithuania, would be: ‘the borderland of Poland-Lithuania’. Others might say that Ukraine was ‘the Edge of Christendom’ or possibly of civilised settlement before the endless steppe. Russians think that Ukraine is the borderland of Russia".<ref>{{cite web|urlhttps://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=56853|title=A short history of language in Ukraine|date=October 2, 2022|author=Norman Davies|website=Language Log

The historian Norman Davies adds: "The question ‘on the edge of what?’, however, sparks controversy. One answer, since the term first appears in mediaeval times when Ukraine lay within the Jagiellonian realms of Poland-Lithuania, would be: ‘the borderland of Poland-Lithuania’. Others might say that Ukraine was ‘the Edge of Christendom’ or possibly of civilised settlement before the endless steppe. Russians think that Ukraine is the borderland of Russia".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=56853|title=A short history of language in Ukraine|date=October 2, 2022|author=Norman Davies|publisher=Language Log

}}</ref>

}}</ref>

In the Muscovy Principality between the 16th and 18th centuries the word ukraina/ukrayna sometimes referred to border regions of the tsar’s realm (similar to okrayina, “outskirts”), it also consistently referred to the Ukrainian lands of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth — territories far from Moscow’s frontiers. In fact, Muscovite documents often applied Ukraine to areas stretching from Chernihiv and Kyiv to Podilia, showing it denoted core Ukrainian territories, not just peripheries.

In the Muscovy Principality between the 16th and 18th centuries the word ukraina/ukrayna sometimes referred to border regions of the tsar’s realm (similar to okrayina, “outskirts”), it also consistently referred to the Ukrainian lands of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth — territories far from Moscow’s frontiers. In fact, Muscovite documents often applied Ukraine to areas stretching from Chernihiv and Kyiv to Podilia, showing it denoted core Ukrainian territories, not just peripheries.

By the mid-17th century, during Bohdan Khmelnytsky’s uprising, Ukraine became the political-territorial name for the Cossack Hetmanate, used alongside "Rus’" and later even "Little Russia". Official Russian documents, including treaties and proclamations, referred to the Hetmanate as Ukraine, confirming its recognition as a distinct polity. Russian rulers themselves, from Tsar Michael to Peter I and Empress Elizabeth, employed the term in this sense, applying it to the Hetmanate and its people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://localhistory.org.ua/texts/statti/ukrayina-ne-okrayina/|title=Україна – не окраїна. З історії назви Української держави|language=uk|website=Local History|author=Viktor Brekhunenko|date=April 26, 2022}}</ref>

By the mid-17th century, during Bohdan Khmelnytsky’s uprising, Ukraine became the political-territorial name for the Cossack Hetmanate, used alongside "Rus’" and later even "Little Russia". Official Russian documents, including treaties and proclamations, referred to the Hetmanate as Ukraine, confirming its recognition as a distinct polity. Russian rulers themselves, from Tsar Michael to Peter I and Empress Elizabeth, employed the term in this sense, applying it to the Hetmanate and its people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://localhistory.org.ua/texts/statti/ukrayina-ne-okrayina/|title=Україна – не окраїна. З історії назви Української держави|language=uk|publisher=Local History|author=Viktor Brekhunenko|date=April 26, 2022}}</ref>

Ukrainian scholars, such as Serhiy Shelukhin, Fedir Shevchenko, Hryhoriy Pivtorak and Mykola Andrusyak propose that the name is derived from Ukraina in the sense of ‘region, principality, country’. Many medieval occurrences of the word can be interpreted as having that meaning. In this sense, the word can be associated with contemporary Ukrainian krajina, Belarusian kraina and Russian and Polish kraj, all meaning ‘country’ (see Translations, 'region of land').<ref>[https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=14124601]</ref>

Ukrainian scholars, such as Serhiy Shelukhin, Fedir Shevchenko, Hryhoriy Pivtorak and Mykola Andrusyak propose that the name is derived from Ukraina in the sense of ‘region, principality, country’. Many medieval occurrences of the word can be interpreted as having that meaning. In this sense, the word can be associated with contemporary Ukrainian krajina, Belarusian kraina and Russian and Polish kraj, all meaning ‘country’ (see Translations, 'region of land').<ref>[https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=14124601]</ref>

Other Historians reject the notion of the word as "borderland" and link the word instead to kraj/krajina (native land, country), and another view connects it to ukraïty (to cut off), meaning "a piece of land separated from the whole". Linguist V. Sklyarenko, is that Ukraina derives from kraj/krajina, but with a more complex development. In Old Slavic, kraj meant “piece of land,” and with the suffix -ina formed krajina (“territory, land belonging to a tribe”). From this, ukraj and later ukraina emerged as “a separated part of land/territory.” Over time, during the Kyivan Rus’ period, the meaning shifted: from “part of a tribal land” to “part of a principality,” and later simply “principality.” In medieval chronicles, different “ukrainas” referred to specific principalities (Pereyaslav, Galicia, Volhynia, Kyiv, etc.). According to them "ukraina" and "okrayina" were distinct words: the former meant a complete territorial unit, while the latter meant only a border area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://litopys.org.ua/pivtorak/pivt12.htm|title=«Україна» — це не «окраїна»|language=uk|website=ІЗБОРНИК}}</ref>

Other Historians reject the notion of the word as "borderland" and link the word instead to kraj/krajina (native land, country), and another view connects it to ukraïty (to cut off), meaning "a piece of land separated from the whole". Linguist V. Sklyarenko, is that Ukraina derives from kraj/krajina, but with a more complex development. In Old Slavic, kraj meant “piece of land,” and with the suffix -ina formed krajina (“territory, land belonging to a tribe”). From this, ukraj and later ukraina emerged as “a separated part of land/territory.” Over time, during the Kyivan Rus’ period, the meaning shifted: from “part of a tribal land” to “part of a principality,” and later simply “principality.” In medieval chronicles, different “ukrainas” referred to specific principalities (Pereyaslav, Galicia, Volhynia, Kyiv, etc.). According to them "ukraina" and "okrayina" were distinct words: the former meant a complete territorial unit, while the latter meant only a border area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://litopys.org.ua/pivtorak/pivt12.htm|title=«Україна» — це не «окраїна»|language=uk|publisher=ІЗБОРНИК}}</ref>

==Geography==

==Geography==