Changes

[[File:Johann Baptist Homann’s Ukrania quae et Terra Cosaccorum, 1716..jpg|400px|thumbnail|Johann Baptist Homann’s ''Ukrania quae et Terra Cosaccorum'' map from 1716.]]

[[File:Johann Baptist Homann’s Ukrania quae et Terra Cosaccorum, 1716..jpg|400px|thumbnail|Johann Baptist Homann’s ''Ukrania quae et Terra Cosaccorum'' map from 1716.]]

According to a Harvard article made by Brian J. Boeck, the term "Ukraine" (Ukraïna) originally meant "borderland" or "frontier" and was used by Ukrainians, Russians, and Poles. In the 16th and 17th centuries, it came to refer to the Cossack lands of the Dnieper River basin. The ethnonym "Ukrainian" (ukraïnets') was used as a national name by only a small number of educated people in the 1840s. In Bolshevik times, millions of people had adopted or acknowledged the name. Before its revitalization in the 1830s, ukraïnets' was a general term for frontiersmen and a regional name for residents of certain districts. The article states there is no evidence it was consistently used as a national name in the early modern period. The widespread adoption of the name ''Ukraina'' for the entire national territory and population began in the 1870s. The conscious adoption and promotion of ukraïnets' was an achievement of the national movement to replace a diversity of names<ref>{{cite journal |last=Boeck |first=Brian J. |title=What's in a Name? Semantic Separation and the Rise of the Ukrainian National Name |journal=Harvard Ukrainian Studies |volume=27 |issue=1-4 |pages=33-65 |year=2004-2005 |url=https://www.husj.harvard.edu/articles/whats-in-a-name-semantic-separation-and-the-rise-of-the-ukrainian-national-name}}</ref> and competition between the [[Catholic]] [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] and [[Orthodox]] [[Russian Empire]].

According to a Harvard article made by Brian J. Boeck, the term "Ukraine" (Ukraïna) originally meant "borderland" or "frontier" and was used by Ukrainians, Russians, and Poles. In the 16th and 17th centuries, it came to refer to the Cossack lands of the Dnieper River basin. The ethnonym "Ukrainian" (ukraïnets') was used as a national name by only a small number of educated people in the 1840s. In Bolshevik times, millions of people had adopted or acknowledged the name. Before its revitalization in the 1830s, ukraïnets' was a general term for frontiersmen and a regional name for residents of certain districts. The article states there is no evidence it was consistently used as a national name in the early modern period. The widespread adoption of the name ''Ukraina'' for the entire national territory and population began in the 1870s. The conscious adoption and promotion of ukraïnets' was an achievement of the national movement to replace a diversity of names<ref>{{cite journal |last=Boeck |first=Brian J. |title=What's in a Name? Semantic Separation and the Rise of the Ukrainian National Name |journal=Harvard Ukrainian Studies |volume=27 |issue=1-4 |pages=33-65 |year=2004-2005 |url=https://www.husj.harvard.edu/articles/whats-in-a-name-semantic-separation-and-the-rise-of-the-ukrainian-national-name}}</ref> and competition for the hearts and minds of the people between the [[Catholic]] [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] and [[Orthodox]] [[Russian Empire]].

Historians and linguists in the 19–20th centuries explained the term "Ukraina" in the sense ‘borderland, frontier region, outskirts, marches’ etc. These meanings can be derived from the Proto-Slavic noun *krajь, meaning ‘edge, border’. Contemporary parallels for this are Russian okráina ‘outskirts’<ref>[https://www.google.com/search?q=google+traqnslate&sca_esv=63bae64319b805ad&sxsrf=ADLYWIKR4S1fgB0HxLn6X0pj3qCcvqY6TA%3A1725932233846&source=hp&ei=yaLfZpTeMKac0PEPz5KE6AU&iflsig=AL9hbdgAAAAAZt-w2fuN0BpX5ehOSPnn5PVC730m5EDa&ved=0ahUKEwjU5s7NnreIAxUmDjQIHU8JAV0Q4dUDCBA&uact=5&oq=google+traqnslate&gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6IhFnb29nbGUgdHJhcW5zbGF0ZTINEAAYgAQYsQMYgwEYCjINEAAYgAQYsQMYgwEYCjIHEAAYgAQYCjINEAAYgAQYsQMYgwEYCjIHEAAYgAQYCjINEAAYgAQYsQMYgwEYCjINEAAYgAQYsQMYgwEYCjINEAAYgAQYsQMYgwEYCjINEAAYgAQYsQMYgwEYCjINEAAYgAQYsQMYgwEYCkiLalCXTVj0ZHABeACQAQCYAXKgAe0LqgEEMTQuM7gBA8gBAPgBAZgCEqAC5QyoAgvCAgYQswEYhQTCAhAQLhgDGOUCGOoCGIwDGI8BwgIQEAAYAxjlAhjqAhiMAxiPAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIMBwgIREC4YgAQYsQMY0QMYgwEYxwHCAgUQABiABMICCBAAGIAEGLEDwgIKEAAYgAQYsQMYCsICEBAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFGAqYAxSSBwQxMi42oAf-gQE&sclient=gws-wiz Google Translate] outskirts = okraina (''окраина'').</ref> and kraj ‘border district’ and Polish, u kraya, meaning ‘borderlands’.  

Historians and linguists in the 19–20th centuries explained the term "Ukraina" in the sense ‘borderland, frontier region, outskirts, marches’ etc. These meanings can be derived from the Proto-Slavic noun *krajь, meaning ‘edge, border’. Contemporary parallels for this are Russian okráina ‘outskirts’<ref>[https://www.google.com/search?q=google+traqnslate&sca_esv=63bae64319b805ad&sxsrf=ADLYWIKR4S1fgB0HxLn6X0pj3qCcvqY6TA%3A1725932233846&source=hp&ei=yaLfZpTeMKac0PEPz5KE6AU&iflsig=AL9hbdgAAAAAZt-w2fuN0BpX5ehOSPnn5PVC730m5EDa&ved=0ahUKEwjU5s7NnreIAxUmDjQIHU8JAV0Q4dUDCBA&uact=5&oq=google+traqnslate&gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6IhFnb29nbGUgdHJhcW5zbGF0ZTINEAAYgAQYsQMYgwEYCjINEAAYgAQYsQMYgwEYCjIHEAAYgAQYCjINEAAYgAQYsQMYgwEYCjIHEAAYgAQYCjINEAAYgAQYsQMYgwEYCjINEAAYgAQYsQMYgwEYCjINEAAYgAQYsQMYgwEYCjINEAAYgAQYsQMYgwEYCjINEAAYgAQYsQMYgwEYCkiLalCXTVj0ZHABeACQAQCYAXKgAe0LqgEEMTQuM7gBA8gBAPgBAZgCEqAC5QyoAgvCAgYQswEYhQTCAhAQLhgDGOUCGOoCGIwDGI8BwgIQEAAYAxjlAhjqAhiMAxiPAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIMBwgIREC4YgAQYsQMY0QMYgwEYxwHCAgUQABiABMICCBAAGIAEGLEDwgIKEAAYgAQYsQMYCsICEBAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFGAqYAxSSBwQxMi42oAf-gQE&sclient=gws-wiz Google Translate] outskirts = okraina (''окраина'').</ref> and kraj ‘border district’ and Polish, u kraya, meaning ‘borderlands’.