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{{Christianity}}

{{Christianity}}

The '''Catholic Church''', '''Catholicism''' or the '''Roman Apostolic Catholic Church''' is the largest [[denomination]] of [[Christianity]]. [[Pro-life]], it is headquartered in the [[Vatican City]] in [[Rome]], and claims [[Apostolic succession]].<ref>At times throughout history some Church officials have asserted that is "No [[Salvation]] Outside the Church." {{cite web|url=https://www.catholic.com/magazine/print-edition/what-no-salvation-outside-the-church-means|title=What “No Salvation Outside the Church” Means|publisher=Catholic Answers|date=May 1, 2010|author=Jim Blackburn|quote=One of the most misunderstood teachings of the Catholic Church is this one: "Outside the Church there is no salvation" (Extra ecclesiam nulla salus).

The '''Catholic Church''', '''Catholicism''' or the '''Roman Apostolic Catholic Church''' is the largest [[denomination]] of [[Christianity]]. [[Pro-life]], it is headquartered in the [[Vatican City]] in [[Rome]], and claims [[Apostolic succession]].<ref>At times throughout history some Church officials have asserted that is "No [[Salvation]] Outside the Church." {{cite web|url=https://www.catholic.com/magazine/print-edition/what-no-salvation-outside-the-church-means|title=What “No Salvation Outside the Church” Means|publisher=Catholic Answers|date=May 1, 2010|author=Jim Blackburn|quote=One of the most misunderstood teachings of the Catholic Church is this one: "Outside the Church there is no salvation" (Extra ecclesiam nulla salus). Those trying to grasp the meaning of this teaching often struggle with its formulations by various Church Fathers and Church Councils throughout history. Of course, to understand an isolated formulation of any Church teaching, one must study the historical context within which it was written: why it was written, what was going on in the Church at the time, who the intended audience was, and so on. One must discover how the magisterium (teaching office) of the Church understands its own teaching. If someone fails to do this and chooses, rather, to simply treat a particular formulation as a stand-alone teaching, he runs the risk of seriously misunderstanding it.}}{{cite web|url=https://mundabor.wordpress.com/2012/04/15/archbishop-lefebvre-on-extra-ecclesiam-nulla-salus/|title=Archbishop Lefebvre on “Extra Ecclesiam Nulla Salus”|date=April 15, 2012|author=Mundabor|quote=The Church is the one ark of salvation, and we must not be afraid to affirm it.  You have often heard it said, “Outside the Church there is no salvation” – a dictum which offends contemporary minds. It is easy to believe that this doctrine is no longer in effect, that it has been dropped. It seems excessively severe. Yet nothing, in fact, has changed;  nothing can be changed in this area. Our Lord did not found a number of churches: He founded only One.  There is only one Cross by which we can be saved, and that Cross has been given to the Catholic Church. It has not been given to others.  To His Church, His mystical bride, Christ has given all graces.  No grace in the world, no grace in the history of humanity is distributed except through her.(...) Does that mean that no [[Protestant]], no [[Islam|Muslim]], no Buddhist or animist will be saved? No, it would be a second error to think that. Those who cry for intolerance in interpreting St. Cyprian’s formula, “Outside the Church there is no salvation,” also reject the Creed, “I confess one baptism for the remission of sins,” and are insufficiently instructed as to what baptism is. There are three ways of receiving it: the baptism of water; the baptism of blood (that of the martyrs who confessed the faith while still catechumens) and baptism of desire...}}</ref><ref name=DoctorsOfTheChurch/> The Catholic Church teaches the Messiahship and Divinity of Jesus Christ, the Son of God, and professes worship of the God of [[Abraham]], of the Hebrew Scriptures. The Catholic Church has a single leader or head, the [[Pope]], the [[Bishop]] of [[Rome]]. The current Pope is [[Leo XIV]]. Present day governance of the Church is divided hierarchically into dioceses, each overseen by a diocesan bishop, who in turn oversees diocesan priests and deacons on the level of the individual parish.

Those trying to grasp the meaning of this teaching often struggle with its formulations by various Church Fathers and Church Councils throughout history. Of course, to understand an isolated formulation of any Church teaching, one must study the historical context within which it was written: why it was written, what was going on in the Church at the time, who the intended audience was, and so on. One must discover how the magisterium (teaching office) of the Church understands its own teaching. If someone fails to do this and chooses, rather, to simply treat a particular formulation as a stand-alone teaching, he runs the risk of seriously misunderstanding it.}}{{cite web|url=https://mundabor.wordpress.com/2012/04/15/archbishop-lefebvre-on-extra-ecclesiam-nulla-salus/|title=Archbishop Lefebvre on “Extra Ecclesiam Nulla Salus”|date=April 15, 2012|author=Mundabor|quote=The Church is the one ark of salvation, and we must not be afraid to affirm it.  You have often heard it said, “Outside the Church there is no salvation” – a dictum which offends contemporary minds. It is easy to believe that this doctrine is no longer in effect, that it has been dropped. It seems excessively severe.

 

Yet nothing, in fact, has changed;  nothing can be changed in this area. Our Lord did not found a number of churches: He founded only One.  There is only one Cross by which we can be saved, and that Cross has been given to the Catholic Church. It has not been given to others.  To His Church, His mystical bride, Christ has given all graces.  No grace in the world, no grace in the history of humanity is distributed except through her.(...) Does that mean that no [[Protestant]], no [[Islam|Muslim]], no Buddhist or animist will be saved? No, it would be a second error to think that. Those who cry for intolerance in interpreting St. Cyprian’s formula, “Outside the Church there is no salvation,” also reject the Creed, “I confess one baptism for the remission of sins,” and are insufficiently instructed as to what baptism is. There are three ways of receiving it: the baptism of water; the baptism of blood (that of the martyrs who confessed the faith while still catechumens) and baptism of desire...}}</ref><ref name=DoctorsOfTheChurch/> The Catholic Church teaches the Messiahship and Divinity of Jesus Christ, the Son of God, and professes worship of the God of [[Abraham]], of the Hebrew Scriptures. The Catholic Church has a single leader or head, the [[Pope]], the [[Bishop]] of [[Rome]]. The current Pope is [[Leo XIV]]. Present day governance of the Church is divided hierarchically into dioceses, each overseen by a diocesan bishop, who in turn oversees diocesan priests and deacons on the level of the individual parish.

==Roman Apostolic Catholic Church==

==Roman Apostolic Catholic Church==

The word "catholic" means "universal", in contrast with several other major religions. Its use as a name for the Church comes from Nicene-Constantinople Creed of 381, which defines the church as "one, holy, catholic and apostolic." In the [[Christology|Christological]] controversy of the fourth century, [[Catholic | Catholics]] opposed the heresy of [[Arianism]].   

The word "catholic" means "universal", in contrast with several other major religions. Its use as a name for the Church comes from Nicene-Constantinople Creed of 381, which defines the church as "one, holy, catholic and apostolic." In the [[Christology|Christological]] controversy of the fourth century, [[Catholic]]s opposed the heresy of [[Arianism]].   

The Catholic Church has always been [[pro-life]] and its leadership is mostly [[conservative]], as illustrated by how it "launched a crackdown on the umbrella group that represents most of [[America]]'s 55,000 [[Catholic]] nuns" for "a prevalence of certain radical [[feminist]] themes incompatible with the Catholic [[faith]]."  The Church noted that "the group was not speaking out strongly enough against" [[abortion]].<ref>https://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/story/2012-04-18/american-nuns-vatican/54396560/1?csp=hf</ref>

The Catholic Church has always been [[pro-life]] and its leadership is mostly [[conservative]], as illustrated by how it "launched a crackdown on the umbrella group that represents most of [[America]]'s 55,000 [[Catholic]] nuns" for "a prevalence of certain radical [[feminist]] themes incompatible with the Catholic [[faith]]."  The Church noted that "the group was not speaking out strongly enough against" [[abortion]].<ref>https://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/story/2012-04-18/american-nuns-vatican/54396560/1?csp=hf</ref>

*1 The [[Pope]]

*1 The [[Pope]]

*2 [[Cardinal]]s

*2 [[Cardinal]]s

*3 [[Primate (church)| Major Archbishops]]

*3 [[Primate (church)|Major Archbishops]]

*4 [[Archbishop]]s

*4 [[Archbishop]]s

*5 [[Bishop]]s

*5 [[Bishop]]s

*6 [[Monsignor]]s

*6 [[Monsignor]]s

*7 [[Archpriest]]s

*7 [[Archpriest]]s

*7 [[Archpriest | Deans]]

*7 [[Archpriest|Deans]]

*8 [[Priest]]s

*8 [[Priest]]s

*9 [[Deacon]]s

*9 [[Deacon]]s

The key roles are played by the Pope and the bishops, and the question of whether secular governments should play a major role in ecclesiastical appointments has been a major issue for centuries. The Investiture Controversy in the [[Holy Roman Empire]] was over this question, as was the dispute between [[Gallicanism]] and [[ultramontanism]] in France.

The key roles are played by the Pope and the bishops, and the question of whether secular governments should play a major role in ecclesiastical appointments has been a major issue for centuries. The Investiture Controversy in the [[Holy Roman Empire]] was over this question, as was the dispute between [[Gallicanism]] and [[ultramontanism]] in France.

== Catholic Church Rites-branches==  

== Catholic Church Rites-branches==

[[File:Notre-Dame de Paris, 4 October 2017.jpg|thumbnail|right|400px|[[Notre Dame de Paris]] ]]

[[File:Notre-Dame de Paris, 4 October 2017.jpg|thumbnail|right|400px|[[Notre Dame de Paris]] ]]

The Catholic Church has many Rites (branches) <ref> https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resource/56009/the-rites-of-the-catholic-church</ref> <ref> https://www.catholic365.com/article/6085/intro-to-the-eastern-catholic-churches-part-vi-the-byzantine-rite-and-its-history.html</ref> The Latin Rite is directly under the Pope. The other rites recognize the Pope as their shepherd but are administered by either a Patriarch, a Major Archbishop, a Metropolitan, or have some other arrangement. Patriarchs are elected by a synod of bishops of their Rite, and then request ecclesiastical communion from the Pope. Major Archbishops are also elected by a synod of bishops of their Rite, but then are approved by the Pope before they take office. Metropolitans are picked by the Pope from a list given by a synod of bishops. Latin Rite bishops are appointed by the Pope. The other Rites choose their own bishops and have their own cannon law; '''many rites have married catholic priests'''. These Rites may have their own dioceses in [[Christianity_in_North_America | North America]] and [[Christianity_in_South_America | South America]]. Most people only know of the Latin Rite dioceses. Below is a list of the Rites

The Catholic Church has many Rites (branches) <ref>https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resource/56009/the-rites-of-the-catholic-church</ref><ref>https://www.catholic365.com/article/6085/intro-to-the-eastern-catholic-churches-part-vi-the-byzantine-rite-and-its-history.html</ref> The Latin Rite is directly under the Pope. The other rites recognize the Pope as their shepherd but are administered by either a Patriarch, a Major Archbishop, a Metropolitan, or have some other arrangement. Patriarchs are elected by a synod of bishops of their Rite, and then request ecclesiastical communion from the Pope. Major Archbishops are also elected by a synod of bishops of their Rite, but then are approved by the Pope before they take office. Metropolitans are picked by the Pope from a list given by a synod of bishops. Latin Rite bishops are appointed by the Pope. The other Rites choose their own bishops and have their own cannon law; '''many rites have married catholic priests'''. These Rites may have their own dioceses in [[Christianity in North America|North America]] and [[Christianity in South America|South America]]. Most people only know of the Latin Rite dioceses. Below is a list of the Rites

*Latin Rite is directly under the Pope and has more than 90 percent of Roman Catholics '''Latin has been rarely used for Mass since the 1960s,''' when the use of native languages began<ref>https://apnews.com/article/pope-francis-vatican-city-religion-13fb8d27e538fc0aafec26a5087d387e</ref>.<br> However, [[https://fssp.com/ the Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter]] has a historical exemption to say the Latin Mass, as reaffirmed by [[Pope Francis]]<ref>https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/256968/pope-francis-meets-fssp-head-confirms-right-to-celebrate-the-traditional-latin-mass</ref>, which shouldn't be confused with the [[Society of St. Pius X | SSPX Church]] which is NOT part of the RC church.

*Latin Rite is directly under the Pope and has more than 90 percent of Roman Catholics '''Latin has been rarely used for Mass since the 1960s,''' when the use of native languages began.<ref>https://apnews.com/article/pope-francis-vatican-city-religion-13fb8d27e538fc0aafec26a5087d387e</ref><br> However, [https://fssp.com/ the Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter] has a historical exemption to say the Latin Mass, as reaffirmed by [[Pope Francis]],<ref>https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/256968/pope-francis-meets-fssp-head-confirms-right-to-celebrate-the-traditional-latin-mass</ref> which shouldn't be confused with the [[Society of St. Pius X|SSPX Church]] which is NOT part of the RC church.

*Armenia Rite in Armenia.

*Armenia Rite in Armenia.

*Maronite Rite in Lebanon.

*Maronite Rite in Lebanon.

*Ge'ez Rite based in Ethiopia.

*Ge'ez Rite based in Ethiopia.

== Roman Catholic Religious Orders==  

== Roman Catholic Religious Orders==

RC Church has '''hundreds of Religious Orders in various [[Roman_Catholic_Church#Catholic Church Rites (branches)| rites]]''' which operate autonomously from [[Bishops]]. Some Orders are small while other Orders are large even international. Some for women that consist of Sisters or Nuns and Orders for Men that consist of Brothers or Priests. While in the USA all women in Religious Orders are called nuns; actually nuns live in cloisters, like monks; where Sisters work in education, hospitals, and other places.<ref>https://historyofchristianitypodcast.com/2025/09/01/major-roman-catholic-orders-origins-differences-and-their-role-today/</ref>. Followers of an Order report to their Order's superior. The superior obtains permission of a [[Bishop] to have followers work in his [[diocese]] or an [[Archbishop]] to have followers work in his province. The only exception is the Jesuits who report only to the [[Pope]] and can work in any [[Diocese]] or [[Archdiocese]].<br>Married couples & single laypeople may join and participate in secular Orders, such as the Secular Franciscan Order or the Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites, which allow them to live out their faith while fulfilling family responsibilities<ref>https://dioceseofgaylord.org/vocations/secular-orders-and-associations</ref>. Religious orders are headed by a [[Superior Religious order | Superior]], [[mother religious order | Mother]], or an [[Abbot]] <br><br>[https://globalcatholicresourcecenter.com/catholic-religious-orders-2/ A full list of Latin rite Orders is available via this link]  '''Some of the major orders are below:'''

RC Church has '''hundreds of Religious Orders in various [[Roman Catholic Church#Catholic Church Rites (branches)|rites]]''' which operate autonomously from [[Bishops]]. Some Orders are small while other Orders are large even international. Some for women that consist of Sisters or Nuns and Orders for Men that consist of Brothers or Priests. While in the USA all women in Religious Orders are called nuns; actually nuns live in cloisters, like monks; where Sisters work in education, hospitals, and other places.<ref>https://historyofchristianitypodcast.com/2025/09/01/major-roman-catholic-orders-origins-differences-and-their-role-today/</ref> Followers of an Order report to their Order's superior. The superior obtains permission of a [[Bishop]] to have followers work in his [[diocese]] or an [[Archbishop]] to have followers work in his province. The only exception is the Jesuits who report only to the [[Pope]] and can work in any [[Diocese]] or [[Archdiocese]].<br>Married couples & single laypeople may join and participate in secular Orders, such as the Secular Franciscan Order or the Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites, which allow them to live out their faith while fulfilling family responsibilities.<ref>https://dioceseofgaylord.org/vocations/secular-orders-and-associations</ref> Religious orders are headed by a [[Superior Religious order|Superior]], [[mother religious order|Mother]], or an [[Abbot]]  

*'''[[Roman_Catholic_Church#Catholic_Church_Rites-branches | Latin Rite Orders]]'''

 

[https://globalcatholicresourcecenter.com/catholic-religious-orders-2/ A full list of Latin rite Orders is available via this link]  '''Some of the major orders are below:'''

*'''[[Roman Catholic Church#Catholic Church Rites-branches|Latin Rite Orders]]'''

===The Benedictines===

===The Benedictines===

Founded in the 6th century by [[Saint Benedict | St. Benedict of Nursia]] Benedictine abbeys remain centers of prayer, retreat, and education worldwide.

Founded in the 6th century by [[Saint Benedict|St. Benedict of Nursia]] Benedictine abbeys remain centers of prayer, retreat, and education worldwide.

===The Franciscans===

===The Franciscans===

The [[Franciscan]]s began in the early 13th century, founded by [[Saint Francis of Assisi |St. Francis of Assisi]], who emphasized poverty, simplicity, and love for all of creation. [https://www.franciscancentertampa.org/the-franciscan-order/ Franciscan website]  

The [[Franciscan]]s began in the early 13th century, founded by [[Saint Francis of Assisi|St. Francis of Assisi]], who emphasized poverty, simplicity, and love for all of creation. [https://www.franciscancentertampa.org/the-franciscan-order/ Franciscan website]  

====The First order====

====The First order====

Over time, the order split into several families, including the Observants<ref>https://ofm.org/</ref>, Conventuals<ref>https://www.franciscans.org/</ref>, and Capuchins<ref>https://www.ofmcap.org/en/</ref>; All of them are also known as the '''first branch of the Franciscan Order'''; they consists of brothers and priests. Franciscans are active in missionary work, social justice advocacy, ecological initiatives, and parish ministry.  .

Over time, the order split into several families, including the Observants,<ref>https://ofm.org/</ref> Conventuals,<ref>https://www.franciscans.org/</ref> and Capuchins;<ref>https://www.ofmcap.org/en/</ref> All of them are also known as the '''first branch of the Franciscan Order'''; they consists of brothers and priests. Franciscans are active in missionary work, social justice advocacy, ecological initiatives, and parish ministry.  .

====The Poor Clares Second order====

====The Poor Clares Second order====

The Poor Clare Nuns constitute the '''second branch of the Franciscan Order''', founded in the 13th century by Saint Clare under the inspiration and guidance of Saint Francis of Assisi<ref>https://cloisteredlife.com/poor-clares</ref>. They are cloistered contemplative nuns.

The Poor Clare Nuns constitute the '''second branch of the Franciscan Order''', founded in the 13th century by Saint Clare under the inspiration and guidance of Saint Francis of Assisi.<ref>https://cloisteredlife.com/poor-clares</ref> They are cloistered contemplative nuns.

====Secular Franciscan Third Order====

====Secular Franciscan Third Order====

The Secular Franciscan Order is the '''third branch of the Franciscan Order'''  was established by St. Francis of Assisi more than 800 years ago. Its purpose is to bring the Gospel to life where we live and where we work. It has married members, single lay people, and priests <ref>https://www.secularfranciscansusa.org/</ref>.

The Secular Franciscan Order is the '''third branch of the Franciscan Order'''  was established by St. Francis of Assisi more than 800 years ago. Its purpose is to bring the Gospel to life where we live and where we work. It has married members, single lay people, and priests.<ref>https://www.secularfranciscansusa.org/</ref>

===The Carmelites===

===The Carmelites===

The [https://ocarm.org/en/ Carmelites] order has '''partitions for both men(friars), women(nuns) and laypeople'''. Emerging in the 12th century from hermits living on Mount Carmel in the Holy Land, later reformed by [[Theresa of Avila | St. Teresa of Ávila]] and [[John of the Cross | St. John of the Cross]] in the 16th century. Carmelites serve in parishes, schools, and retreat centers, while cloistered branches remain devoted to contemplative life<ref>https://ocarm.org/en/</ref>. Their spiritual classics remain highly influential.

The [https://ocarm.org/en/ Carmelites] order has '''partitions for both men(friars), women(nuns) and laypeople'''. Emerging in the 12th century from hermits living on Mount Carmel in the Holy Land, later reformed by [[Theresa of Avila|St. Teresa of Ávila]] and [[John of the Cross|St. John of the Cross]] in the 16th century. Carmelites serve in parishes, schools, and retreat centers, while cloistered branches remain devoted to contemplative life.<ref>https://ocarm.org/en/</ref> Their spiritual classics remain highly influential.

===The Dominicans===

===The Dominicans===

===Little Sisters of the Poor===

===Little Sisters of the Poor===

[https://littlesistersofthepoor.org/ Little Sisters of the Poor] Founded by Saint Jeanne Jugan in France in 1839. The Little Sisters of the Poor are an international congregation of Roman Catholic women religious serving Christ in the elderly poor in over 30 countries <ref>https://littlesistersofthepoor.org/</ref>.

[https://littlesistersofthepoor.org/ Little Sisters of the Poor] Founded by Saint Jeanne Jugan in France in 1839. The Little Sisters of the Poor are an international congregation of Roman Catholic women religious serving Christ in the elderly poor in over 30 countries.<ref>https://littlesistersofthepoor.org/</ref>

===Missionaries of Charity===

===Missionaries of Charity===

[https://missionariesofcharity.org/ Missionaries of Charity] Founded in 1950 by by '''[[Mother Teresa]]''' of Calcutta (now St. Teresa of Calcutta) in Calcutta, India. The Missionaries of Charity Sisters (Mother Teresa’s Sisters or the Sisters of Mother Teresa, as many call us) is a religious community in the Catholic Church, their community is totally dedicated to the service of the poorest of the poor, irrespective of social class, creed, color or religion. They choose to show God’s concern for the poorest and the lowliest, remaining right on the ground, while offering immediate and effective service to those in need, until they can find someone who can help them in a better and more lasting way <ref>https://missionariesofcharity.org/</ref>.

[https://missionariesofcharity.org/ Missionaries of Charity] Founded in 1950 by '''[[Mother Teresa]]''' of Calcutta (now St. Teresa of Calcutta) in Calcutta, India. The Missionaries of Charity Sisters (Mother Teresa's Sisters or the Sisters of Mother Teresa, as many call us) is a religious community in the Catholic Church, their community is totally dedicated to the service of the poorest of the poor, irrespective of social class, creed, color or religion. They choose to show God's concern for the poorest and the lowliest, remaining right on the ground, while offering immediate and effective service to those in need, until they can find someone who can help them in a better and more lasting way.<ref>https://missionariesofcharity.org/</ref>

===The Salesians of Don Bosco===

===The Salesians of Don Bosco===

[https://www.sdb.org/en Salesians of Don Bosco] Founded in the 19th century by [[John Bosco | St. John Bosco]] in Turin, Italy, to care for poor and abandoned youth during the Industrial Revolution. One of the largest orders in the Church, they run schools, youth centers, and missions worldwide.

[https://www.sdb.org/en Salesians of Don Bosco] Founded in the 19th century by [[John Bosco|St. John Bosco]] in Turin, Italy, to care for poor and abandoned youth during the Industrial Revolution. One of the largest orders in the Church, they run schools, youth centers, and missions worldwide.

===[[Roman_Catholic_Church#Catholic Church Rites (branches)| Byzantine Rite]] Basilian Order of Saint Josaphat===

===[[Roman Catholic Church#Catholic Church Rites (branches)|Byzantine Rite]] Basilian Order of Saint Josaphat===

The [ https://osbm.info/en/brief-information-about-the-order/ Ukrainian Basilian Order of St. Josaphat] is an international clerical order of men of Papal right, which belongs to the Byzantine church tradition.  It is present in various Churches that possess their own canon law The Order is based on the spiritual heritage of [[Saint Basil | Saint Basil the Great]] (+379), but its organization as a centralized monastic Order is due to Joseph Veliamin Rutsky (+1637) who laid out its first set of Rules, and the holy hieromartyr Josaphat Kuncevych (+1623) who gave clear direction to the foundation of the Order through his spirituality and his apostolic work centered on Christian unity<ref>https://osbm.info/en/</ref>

The [ https://osbm.info/en/brief-information-about-the-order/ Ukrainian Basilian Order of St. Josaphat] is an international clerical order of men of Papal right, which belongs to the Byzantine church tradition.  It is present in various Churches that possess their own canon law The Order is based on the spiritual heritage of [[Saint Basil | Saint Basil the Great]] (+379), but its organization as a centralized monastic Order is due to Joseph Veliamin Rutsky (+1637) who laid out its first set of Rules, and the holy hieromartyr Josaphat Kuncevych (+1623) who gave clear direction to the foundation of the Order through his spirituality and his apostolic work centered on Christian unity<ref>https://osbm.info/en/</ref>

===[[Roman_Catholic_Church#Catholic Church Rites (branches)| Byzantine Rite]] Sisters of the order of St Basil===

===[[Roman Catholic Church#Catholic Church Rites (branches)|Byzantine Rite]] Sisters of the order of St Basil===

The [https://osbm.church/ Ukrainian Sisters of the order of St Basil] lead effective and innovative ministries in education, spiritual direction, evangelization, and lay collaboration. In all that we do, we bring the rich traditions and mysteries of the [[Eastern Catholic Churches]] to those they encounter<ref>https://stbasils.com/about-us/</ref>

The [https://osbm.church/ Ukrainian Sisters of the order of St Basil] lead effective and innovative ministries in education, spiritual direction, evangelization, and lay collaboration. In all that we do, we bring the rich traditions and mysteries of the [[Eastern Catholic Churches]] to those they encounter<ref>https://stbasils.com/about-us/</ref>

===[[Roman_Catholic_Church#Catholic Church Rites (branches)| Maronite Rite]] Orders===

===[[Roman Catholic Church#Catholic Church Rites (branches)|Maronite Rite]] Orders===

[https://www.maronite-heritage.com/Orders.php A list of Maronite orders is available via this link]

[https://www.maronite-heritage.com/Orders.php A list of Maronite orders is available via this link]

====Ultramontane vs Gallican====

====Ultramontane vs Gallican====

The "ultramontane" tendency in the Church centralized more power and authority in the Papacy. It was opposed by the "[[Gallican]]" tendency, especially in France, to give national churches more control over their affairs.  The ultramontine forces generally won out, especially with the promulgation of [[Papal Infallibility]] at the [[First Vatican Council]] in 1870. The ultramontane forces cited the old doctrines of [[Robert Bellarmine]] (1542-1621) and Francisco de Suárez (1548-1617) to bolster the papal claim to absolute power in spiritual matters.

The "ultramontane" tendency in the Church centralized more power and authority in the Papacy. It was opposed by the "[[Gallican]]" tendency, especially in France, to give national churches more control over their affairs.  The ultramontine forces generally won out, especially with the promulgation of [[Papal Infallibility]] at the [[First Vatican Council]] in 1870. The ultramontane forces cited the old doctrines of [[Robert Bellarmine]] (1542–1621) and Francisco de Suárez (1548–1617) to bolster the papal claim to absolute power in spiritual matters.

Gallicanism in France was damaged by the rise of ultramontanism in the 1850s and the devotional revolution that shifted [[piety]] to devotions sponsored by Rome. Gallicanism was officially suppressed by the [[First Vatican Council]] in 1870, which established the paramount authority of the Pope as a matter of dogma. However informal manifestations of Gallicanism continue in some countries, especially China. In Canada, the Irish clergy fought for ultramontanism against the French clergy, who were Gallican. The [[Catholicism in Ireland|Irish]] won out with the support of the Vatican.

Gallicanism in France was damaged by the rise of ultramontanism in the 1850s and the devotional revolution that shifted [[piety]] to devotions sponsored by Rome. Gallicanism was officially suppressed by the [[First Vatican Council]] in 1870, which established the paramount authority of the Pope as a matter of dogma. However informal manifestations of Gallicanism continue in some countries, especially China. In Canada, the Irish clergy fought for ultramontanism against the French clergy, who were Gallican. The [[Catholicism in Ireland|Irish]] won out with the support of the Vatican.

A spiritual revolution took place in the 19th century, moving individuals to a renewed interest in personal piety.  There was a new emphasis on the role of Mary and a greatly increased involvement of women in the life of the Church. The number of sisters and nuns increased from 20,000 to 400,000 between 1815 and 1914.

A spiritual revolution took place in the 19th century, moving individuals to a renewed interest in personal piety.  There was a new emphasis on the role of Mary and a greatly increased involvement of women in the life of the Church. The number of sisters and nuns increased from 20,000 to 400,000 between 1815 and 1914.

Camp (1990) traced the treatment of women by the Church. In the late 19th century, the papacy began to revise its public teachings about the proper role of women in the Church and society. From Pope Leo XIII (1878-1903) to Pope John Paul II (1978-2005), papal social pronouncements revealed an evolution in attitudes from the view that women are passive subordinates to men in all spheres of life to the current teaching that lay and clerical women are equal but complementary partners with men in religious, political, economic, and social endeavors. Nevertheless, the papacy has remained firm in the conviction that ordination is for men only.

Camp (1990) traced the treatment of women by the Church. In the late 19th century, the papacy began to revise its public teachings about the proper role of women in the Church and society. From Pope Leo XIII (1878–1903) to Pope John Paul II (1978–2005), papal social pronouncements revealed an evolution in attitudes from the view that women are passive subordinates to men in all spheres of life to the current teaching that lay and clerical women are equal but complementary partners with men in religious, political, economic, and social endeavors. Nevertheless, the papacy has remained firm in the conviction that ordination is for men only.

====Arts====

====Arts====

[[Image:Cerro_de_Angeles.jpg|right|thumb|330px|Cerro de los Ángeles, [[Madrid]], [[Spain]].]]

[[Image:Cerro de Angeles.jpg|right|thumb|330px|Cerro de los Ángeles, [[Madrid]], [[Spain]].]]

The arts provided a refuge from modernity in the form of a nostalgic aesthetic. Church architecture saw the revival of the medieval [[Gothic]] style. Romantic literature, for example by Chateaubriand, helped inspire a Catholic revival. In music, Catholic churchgoers were likely to be exposed to an officially sponsored revival of ''a cappella'' singing in the manner of Palestrina. The rapid development of symphonic and operatic forms affected sacred music, resulting in many masses, requiems, and te deums for large orchestra and chorus, sometimes even composed by skeptics such as Berlioz and Verdi.

The arts provided a refuge from modernity in the form of a nostalgic aesthetic. Church architecture saw the revival of the medieval [[Gothic]] style. Romantic literature, for example by Chateaubriand, helped inspire a Catholic revival. In music, Catholic churchgoers were likely to be exposed to an officially sponsored revival of ''a cappella'' singing in the manner of Palestrina. The rapid development of symphonic and operatic forms affected sacred music, resulting in many masses, requiems, and te deums for large orchestra and chorus, sometimes even composed by skeptics such as Berlioz and Verdi.

In politics, as democracy and popular government spread, religious motivations moved people into one party or the other. In Catholic countries such as France, Italy, Spain, and Portugal, sharp confrontations emerged between clericals and anti-clericals; in countries with mixed Catholic and Protestant populations such as Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Britain and the U.S., political splits occurred along confessional lines.  In the U.S. the great majority of the Catholics became [[Democratic Party|Democrats]].  In Germany the Catholics formed their own Center party to fight off attacks from the Protestants, as during the [[Kulturkampf]].

In politics, as democracy and popular government spread, religious motivations moved people into one party or the other. In Catholic countries such as France, Italy, Spain, and Portugal, sharp confrontations emerged between clericals and anti-clericals; in countries with mixed Catholic and Protestant populations such as Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Britain and the U.S., political splits occurred along confessional lines.  In the U.S. the great majority of the Catholics became [[Democratic Party|Democrats]].  In Germany the Catholics formed their own Center party to fight off attacks from the Protestants, as during the [[Kulturkampf]].

The British attempt to impose Protestantism on Ireland not only fueled the Catholic revival there but also contributed to its spread via emigration to the U.S. and Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and England itself, all of which increased the Catholic population. The Irish often took control of the Church in each of these countries. The Poles, having lost their nation state in the 1790s, turned to an intense religiosity that preserved national identity and which they carried with them to industrial centers in the U.S. and Germany. In the U.S., some Poles, frustrated with the Irish control of the Church, founded the  Polish National Catholic Church<ref>https://pncc.org/</ref>.

The British attempt to impose Protestantism on Ireland not only fueled the Catholic revival there but also contributed to its spread via emigration to the U.S. and Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and England itself, all of which increased the Catholic population. The Irish often took control of the Church in each of these countries. The Poles, having lost their nation state in the 1790s, turned to an intense religiosity that preserved national identity and which they carried with them to industrial centers in the U.S. and Germany. In the U.S., some Poles, frustrated with the Irish control of the Church, founded the  Polish National Catholic Church.<ref>https://pncc.org/</ref>

===20th century===

===20th century===

On Sunday, May 13, 1917, the children were tending their sheep in another patch of land called the Cova da Iria. Seeing what they thought was a flash of lightning, they started to return home when they noticed a Lady, radiantly dressed in white, hovering over a small holmoak tree. She told them not to be afraid, that she was from Heaven and wanted them to come to the Cova da Iria for six months in succession on the 13th day. She asked the children to pray the [[Rosary]] every day, in order to obtain peace for the world and an end to the first world war, which was taking place at the time.<ref>Fatima in Lucia's own words (15th edition). Fr. Louis Kondor, SVD, editor. Secretariado Dos Pastorinhos, Fatima, Portugal. pages 174-176.</ref>

On Sunday, May 13, 1917, the children were tending their sheep in another patch of land called the Cova da Iria. Seeing what they thought was a flash of lightning, they started to return home when they noticed a Lady, radiantly dressed in white, hovering over a small holmoak tree. She told them not to be afraid, that she was from Heaven and wanted them to come to the Cova da Iria for six months in succession on the 13th day. She asked the children to pray the [[Rosary]] every day, in order to obtain peace for the world and an end to the first world war, which was taking place at the time.<ref>Fatima in Lucia's own words (15th edition). Fr. Louis Kondor, SVD, editor. Secretariado Dos Pastorinhos, Fatima, Portugal. pages 174-176.</ref>

[[Image:Fatima.jpg|150px|left]]

[[Image:Fatima.jpg|150px|left]]

On July 13, 1917, Our Lady told the children: "Sacrifice yourselves for sinners, and say many times especially whenever you make a sacrifice: O Jesus, it is for the love of You, for the conversion of sinners, and in reparation for sins committed against the Immaculate Heart of Mary."<ref>ibid. page 178.</ref> As she spoke those last words, she opened her hands and pointed to an opening in the ground. The children saw a vision of hell where demons and souls in human form, burned like embers and shrieked with pain and despair. Our Lady told them: "You have seen hell where the souls of poor sinners go. To save them, God wishes to establish in the world, devotion to my Immaculate Heart."<ref>ibid</ref>"To prevent this, I shall come to ask for the consecration of [[Russia]] to my Immaculate Heart and the Communion of Reparation on the First Saturdays.<ref>Letter from Sister Lucia dos Santos, transcribed by Rev. Fr. José Bernrdo Gonçalves, S.J. June 13, 1929.</ref> If my request are heeded, [[Russia]] will be converted and there will be peace.<ref>Letter from Sister Lucia dos Santos, transcribed by Rev. Fr. José Bernrdo Gonçalves, S.J. June 13, 1929.</ref> If not, she will spread her errors throughout the world, causing wars and persecutions of the Church. The good will be martyred, the Holy Father will have much to suffer, various nations will be annihilated. In the end, my Immaculate Heart will triumph. The Holy Father will consecrate [[Russia]] to me and she will be converted, and a period of peace will be granted to the world.<ref>Fatima in Lucia's own words (15th edition). Fr. Louis Kondor, SVD, editor. Secretariado Dos Pastorinhos, Fatima, Portugal. pages 179.</ref> When you pray the Rosary, say after each mystery: O my Jesus, forgive us, save us from the fires of hell. Lead all souls to Heaven, especially those in most need."<ref>ibid</ref>

On July 13, 1917, Our Lady told the children: "Sacrifice yourselves for sinners, and say many times especially whenever you make a sacrifice: O Jesus, it is for the love of You, for the conversion of sinners, and in reparation for sins committed against the Immaculate Heart of Mary."<ref>ibid. page 178.</ref> As she spoke those last words, she opened her hands and pointed to an opening in the ground. The children saw a vision of hell where demons and souls in human form, burned like embers and shrieked with pain and despair. Our Lady told them: "You have seen hell where the souls of poor sinners go. To save them, God wishes to establish in the world, devotion to my Immaculate Heart."<ref>ibid</ref>"To prevent this, I shall come to ask for the consecration of [[Russia]] to my Immaculate Heart and the Communion of Reparation on the First Saturdays.<ref name="Santos 1929">Letter from Sister Lucia dos Santos, transcribed by Rev. Fr. José Bernrdo Gonçalves, S.J. June 13, 1929.</ref> If my request are heeded, [[Russia]] will be converted and there will be peace.<ref name="Santos 1929"/> If not, she will spread her errors throughout the world, causing wars and persecutions of the Church. The good will be martyred, the Holy Father will have much to suffer, various nations will be annihilated. In the end, my Immaculate Heart will triumph. The Holy Father will consecrate [[Russia]] to me and she will be converted, and a period of peace will be granted to the world.<ref>Fatima in Lucia's own words (15th edition). Fr. Louis Kondor, SVD, editor. Secretariado Dos Pastorinhos, Fatima, Portugal. pages 179.</ref> When you pray the Rosary, say after each mystery: O my Jesus, forgive us, save us from the fires of hell. Lead all souls to Heaven, especially those in most need."<ref>ibid</ref>

The children faced much ridicule from their parents, the townspeople and even faced arrest and intimidation from the local authorities. However, increasing numbers of people did believe and accompanied them on their journeys to the Cova da Iria when they received the apparitions. Our Lady promised the children that on the 13th of October, she would perform a miracle for those who did not believe.

The children faced much ridicule from their parents, the townspeople and even faced arrest and intimidation from the local authorities. However, increasing numbers of people did believe and accompanied them on their journeys to the Cova da Iria when they received the apparitions. Our Lady promised the children that on the 13th of October, she would perform a miracle for those who did not believe.

Francisco died on April 4, 1919 from bronchial influenza<ref>Our Lady Comes to Fatima. page 34. Leaflet Missal Company. 1987.</ref> and Jacinta died February 20, 1920 following complications from pleurisy.<ref>ibid. page 39.</ref> Lucia became a nun and continued to receive apparitions from Our Lady and Jesus. She lived to be 97 and passed away on February 13, 2005 at the Carmelite Convent in Coimbra, [[Portugal]].<ref>http://www.cwnews.com/news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=35248</ref>

Francisco died on April 4, 1919, from bronchial influenza<ref>Our Lady Comes to Fatima. page 34. Leaflet Missal Company. 1987.</ref> and Jacinta died February 20, 1920, following complications from pleurisy.<ref>ibid. page 39.</ref> Lucia became a nun and continued to receive apparitions from Our Lady and Jesus. She lived to be 97 and passed away on February 13, 2005, at the Carmelite Convent in Coimbra, [[Portugal]].<ref>http://www.cwnews.com/news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=35248</ref>

Today, Fátima is one of the world's most visited Marian sites. The site of the apparitions of Our Lady in the Cova da Iria is now called the Capelinha. During the evenings, the [[Rosary]] is said by visiting pilgrims from all over the world and a candlelight procession in the esplanade follows.

Today, Fátima is one of the world's most visited Marian sites. The site of the apparitions of Our Lady in the Cova da Iria is now called the Capelinha. During the evenings, the [[Rosary]] is said by visiting pilgrims from all over the world and a candlelight procession in the esplanade follows.

===Opposes Maid===

===Opposes Maid===

The church has been opposing MAiD (medical assistance in dying) as murder just as it as always opposed suicide. There has been a notable uptick of parishes across Canada in recent months holding anti-euthanasia film screenings and welcoming special guests to deliver educational presentations. <ref>https://www.catholicregister.org/archive/item/36455-ordinary-catholics-must-rise-up-against-maid/</ref><ref>https://www.catholicyyc.ca/blog/maid-a-catholic-response</ref><ref>https://policyoptions.irpp.org/2024/02/maid-forced-transfers/</ref><ref>https://news.rcdos.ca/2024/02/16/catholics-are-encouraged-to-rally-against-euthanasia-maid/</ref><ref>https://theleaven.org/english-archbishop-warns-legalizing-assisted-suicide-could-close-church-run-hospices/</ref>.

The church has been opposing MAiD (medical assistance in dying) as murder just as it as always opposed suicide. There has been a notable uptick of parishes across Canada in recent months holding anti-euthanasia film screenings and welcoming special guests to deliver educational presentations.<ref>https://www.catholicregister.org/archive/item/36455-ordinary-catholics-must-rise-up-against-maid/</ref><ref>https://www.catholicyyc.ca/blog/maid-a-catholic-response</ref><ref>https://policyoptions.irpp.org/2024/02/maid-forced-transfers/</ref><ref>https://news.rcdos.ca/2024/02/16/catholics-are-encouraged-to-rally-against-euthanasia-maid/</ref><ref>https://theleaven.org/english-archbishop-warns-legalizing-assisted-suicide-could-close-church-run-hospices/</ref>

===21st Century===

===21st Century===

*[[American Christianity]]

*[[American Christianity]]

*[[Christianity by continent]]

*[[Christianity by continent]]

*[[Catholic_Church#Different_churches | Eastern Catholic]]

*[[Catholic Church#Different churches|Eastern Catholic]]

*[[Christian marriage]]

*[[Christian marriage]]

*[[Afterlife]]

*[[Afterlife]]

* Holland, Joe.  ''Modern Catholic Social Teaching: The Popes Confront the Industrial Age 1740-1958.'' Paulist Press, 2003. 404 pp.   

* Holland, Joe.  ''Modern Catholic Social Teaching: The Popes Confront the Industrial Age 1740-1958.'' Paulist Press, 2003. 404 pp.   

* Kung, Hans. ''The Catholic Church: A Short History'' (2003), by a leading Catholic scholar [https://www.amazon.com/Catholic-Church-History-Library-Chronicles/dp/0812967623/ref=sr_1_15?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241119912&sr=8-15 excerpt and text search]

* Kung, Hans. ''The Catholic Church: A Short History'' (2003), by a leading Catholic scholar [https://www.amazon.com/Catholic-Church-History-Library-Chronicles/dp/0812967623/ref=sr_1_15?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241119912&sr=8-15 excerpt and text search]

* Latourette, Kenneth Scott. ''Christianity in a Revolutionary Age: A History of Christianity in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries'' 5 Vol'' (1958), a detailed history of Christianity 1800-1950 by a  Protestant scholar. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101463833 vol 1 online edition]  

* Latourette, Kenneth Scott. ''Christianity in a Revolutionary Age: A History of Christianity in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries'' 5 Vol'' (1958), a detailed history of Christianity 1800–1950 by a  Protestant scholar. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101463833 vol 1 online edition]  

* O'Toole, James M. ''The Faithful: A History of Catholics in America'' (2008) [https://books.google.com/books?id=BFlBzSAVW6kC&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:The+intitle:Faithful+intitle:A+intitle:History+intitle:of+intitle:Catholics+intitle:in+intitle:America&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0 excerpt and text search]

* O'Toole, James M. ''The Faithful: A History of Catholics in America'' (2008) [https://books.google.com/books?id=BFlBzSAVW6kC&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:The+intitle:Faithful+intitle:A+intitle:History+intitle:of+intitle:Catholics+intitle:in+intitle:America&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0 excerpt and text search]